Coc man tye i kin wi lok me kwedo ngec ma ki lwongo ni "Tic ki jami ma neko kwidi, tek pa jami ma neko kwidi ki kwo pa ler ma ki camo". Nen jami 13 weny
Acid ma ki lwongo ni organic acids tye ka mede ki bedo gin ma mite ma calo gin ma ki medo i cam pa ler. Ki dong, gin ma ki keto iye tam tye i kom gwoko cam, tutwale dwoko piny two ma aa ki i cam i kom winyi ki ler mukene. Jami mapol ma ki lwongo ni organic acids tye ka kwan i kare ni onyo dong kitye ka tic kwede me cato wil. I kin acid mapol ma ki kwano gii, formic acid tye acel i kin gii. Formic acid ki medo i cam pa winyi me gengo bedo pa Salmonella ki two mukene ma aa ki i cam i cam ki i dog ic inge camo. Kit ma niang matut ikom tic ki adwogi pa formic acid i kom kom dano ki two ma aa ki i cam tye ka dongo, tye ka nen ka maleng ni bedo tye pa formic acid twero kelo yoo mogo i kom Salmonella. Lagam man twero doko tek ka formic acid odonyo i ic ki rwate ki Salmonella ma dong tye ka donyo i ic ento bene ki jami makwo ma i ic. Neno ni obi neno adwogi ma tye i kare ni ki yoo me medo kwedo lok i kom jami makwo ma kwo i kom winyi ki cam ma ki keto iye acid ma ki lwongo ni formic acid.
I lok kom gwoko lee ki winyi, peko tye me yubu yoo me gwoko ma weko dongo ki kelo jami maber kun ki dwoko piny peko me cam. I kare mukato angec, miyo yat ma lwenyo i kom kwidi i rwom ma lapiny oweko yotkom pa ler, ber bedo, ki tic maber (1-3). Me aa ki i yoo me tic, ki waco ni yadi ma ki miiyo i rwom ma lapiny konyo lagam pa latwo kun loko jami ma kwo i ic (GI) ki, i agiki ne, kit ma gi rwate kwede ki latwo (3). Ento, lworo ma tye ka mede i kom nyaa pa two ma aa ki i cam ma pe cang ki yat ki kit ma gi twero bedo kwede ki two ma pe cang i kom dano oweko ki kwanyo tic ki yat i kom lee ma ki camo (4-8). Pi meno, yubu jami ma ki medo i cam ki jami ma ki medo ma rwate ki jami mogo ma mite (yubu yotkom pa ler, ber bedo, ki dongo) tye gin ma pire tek ki bot dano ma kwano kwan ki dongo pa cato wil (5, 9). Jami mapol ma ki medo i cam pa lee odonyo i cuk me cam pa ler, medo ki probiotics, prebiotics, moo ma pire tek ki jami mukene ma aa ki i kom yadi mapol, ki jami ma calo aldehydes (10-14). Jami mukene ma ki medo i cam ma ki tiyo kwede i kom winyi tye iye bacteriophages, zinc oxide, exogenous enzymes, competitive exclusion products, ki acidic compounds (15, 16).
I kin jami ma ki medo i kom cam, aldehydes ki organic acids gubedo jami ma ki kwano ki tic kwede mapol (12, 17–21). Gin ma ki lwongo ni Organic acids, tutwale short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), gi ngeyo maber ni gi lweny i kom kwidi ma kelo two. Gin ma ki lwongo ni organic acids ni ki tiyo kwede me medo i cam ento bene me kelo alokaloka i kom tic pa ic (17, 20–24). Medo ikom meno, SCFAs ki yubu ki jami ma kwo i ic ma ki lwongo ni digestive tract ki ki tamo ni gi tiyo tic ma pire tek i kero pa probiotics ki prebiotics me lweny i kom two ma ki camo i gastrointestinal tract (21, 23, 25).
I mwaka ma okato ni, jami ma ki lwongo ni short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) okelo tam madwong calo jami ma ki medo i cam. I kom lok, propionate, butyrate, ki formate gubedo gin ma ki kwano ki tic kwede i cato wil (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). I kare ma kwan macon onongo tye ka keto cwinye i kom gwoko two ma aa ki i cam i cam pa lee ki winyo, kwan manyen-ni oloko tamgi i kom yubo tic pa lee ki yotkom me ic (20, 21, 24). Acetate, propionate, ki butyrate gu kelo tam madwong ma calo jami ma ki medo i cam ma ki lwongo ni organic acid, ma i kin gii formic acid bene tye gin maber (21, 23). Ki keto tam madwong i kom gwoko cam pa formic acid, ma loyo dwoko piny pa two ma aa ki i cam i cam pa lee. Ento, tic mukene ma twero bedo tye bene kitye ka nenone. Gin ma ki miito i yub man tye me neno lok macon ki kit ma formic acid tye kwede i kare ni ma calo gin ma konyo cam pa lee (lanyut 1). I kwan man, wabinyamo kit ma yat ma ki lwongo ni formic acid ni lwenyo kwede kwidi two. Medo ikom meno, wa bi neno adwogi ne i kom ler ki winyi ki wa bi nyamo yoo ma twero konyo me medo tic ne.
Fig. 1. Map me tam pa wi lok ma ki kwano i neno man. I kom lok, yub ma lubo ni ki keto iye tam: me tito lok macon ki kit ma formic acid tye kwede i kare ni ma calo gin ma konyo cam pa lee, kit ma formic acid tiyo kwede me lweny i kom kwidi two ki adwogi me tic kwede i kom yotkom pa lee ki winyi, ki yoo ma twero konyo me medo tic ne.
Yubu cam pi lee ki winyi obedo tic ma tek ma kwako jami mapol, medo ki yubu cam (me labolle, turo me dwoko piny dit pa jami), yubu cam me lyeto, ki medo jami mapol ma konyo cam ma lubu miti pa lee (27). Ki miiyo jami ma tek ni, pi obedo me ur ni yubu cam ni keto jami ma pat pat ma twero time ma peya oo i ka yubu cam, i kare me buru, ki i kare me tero ki miyo cam i rwom me cam ma ki keto kacel (9, 21, 28). Pi meno, pi mwaki mapol, dul pa jami ma kwo ma pat pat ma ki nongo i cam, medo ki kwidi keken ento bene bacteriophages, fungi, ki yeasts (9, 21, 28–31). Jami mogo ma balo kwo pa ler, ma calo jami ma ki lwongo ni fungi, twero kelo mycotoxins ma kelo peko i kom yot kom pa ler (32-35).
Wel kwidi ma ki lwongo ni bacteria twero bedo ma pat pat ki jenge i kom yoo ma ki tiyo kwede me poko ki ngeyo kwidi matino tino kacel ki kama ki kwanyo iye lanyut. Me labolle, kit ma jami ma kwo i kom gi nen kwede twero bedo pat ma peya ki tiyo ki lyeto ma rwate ki pelleting (36). Kadi bed ni yoo me dongo macon ki plate plating omiyo ngec mogo, tic ma ki tiyo kwede i kare ni me 16S rRNA gene-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) yoo me miyo ngec ma rwate i kom dul pa ler ma ki lwongo ni forage microbiome community (9). I kare ma Solanki et al. (37) gu temo jami makwo ma ki lwongo ni bacterial microbiome ma ki gwoko pi kare malac i kare ma tye ki phosphine, gin ma gengo kwidi, gin onongo ni jami makwo ni onongo tye mapol i nge kac ki i nge dwe 3 me gwoko ne. Medo ikom meno, Solanki et al. (37) (37) onyutu ni Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, ki Planctomyces gubedo dul ma loyo i nyig cam ma ki lwongo ni wheat, Bacillus, Erwinia, ki Pseudomonas gubedo dul ma loyo, ki Enterobacteriaceae gubedo dul manok. Malube ki apoka poka, gin omoko ni tic ki phosphine ma ki lwongo ni phosphine fumigation oloko wel kwidi ento pi okelo alokaloka i kom wel kwidi ma pat pat.
Solanki ki luwote (37) onyutu ni cam ma ki miyo twero bedo ki two ma aa ki i cam ma twero kelo peko me yot kom pa lwak malube ki nongo Enterobacteriaceae i kom jami ma kwo. Two ma aa ki i cam calo Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, ki Listeria monocytogenes ki rwate ki cam pa lee ki silage (9, 31, 38). Kit ma two mukene ma aa ki i cam gi bedo kwede i cam pa ler ki winyi pe ki ngeyo i kare ni. Ge ki luwote (39) gu temo jami ma romo 200 ma ki keto i cam pa ler ki gu kwanyo Salmonella, E. coli, ki Enterococci, ento pe gunongo E. coli O157:H7 onyo Campylobacter. Ento, jami ma calo cam ma otwo twero bedo calo kama two E. coli kelo. I yenyo kama two ma ki lwongo ni Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O121 ki O26 ma mako two ma mako dano, Crowe et al. (40) otiiyo ki jami ma ki lwongo ni whole-genome sequencing me poro jami ma ki kwanyo ki i kom dano ki jami ma ki nongo ki i cam. Malube ki poro man, gin omoko ni gin ma twero bedo ni oa ki iye obedo moko ma pe ki yubu ki moo ma ki yubu ki moo. Kit ma pii nok kwede i moko ni nyutu ni STEC bene twero kwo i cam pa ler ma tye ki pii manok. Ento, kit ma Crowe et al. (40) nen, poko STEC ki i kom moko ma ki kwanyo ni tek ki mito yoo me poko kin jami ma ki lwongo ni immunomagnetic separation me nongo wel cell ma oromo. Kit me nongo two ma kit meno bene twero kelo peko me nongo ki poko two ma pe nen ma aa ki i cam pa lee. Peko me nongo ne twero bedo ni obedo pi kare malac pa kwidi two ni i kabedo ma yamo nok iye. Forghani ki luwote (41) onyutu ni moko ma ki gwoko i rwom me lyeto me ot ki ki keto iye jami ma ki rubu ki enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serogroups O45, O121, ki O145 ki Salmonella (S. Typhimurium, S. Agona, S. Enteritidis, ki S. Anatum) onongo ki twero kwano ne i nino 14 ki pud ki twero nongo ne. i cabit 24 ki 52.
I kare mukato angec, Campylobacter pe ki kwanyo ki i cam pa ler ki winyi ki yoo me dongo macon (38, 39), kadi bed ni Campylobacter ki twero kwanyo ki i ic pa winyi ki jami ma ki yubu ki winyi (42, 43). Ento, cam pud tye ki adwogi maber ma calo gin ma twero kelo cam. ma calo, Alves et al. (44) onyutu ni keto cam pa gwen ma ki yubu ki C. jejuni ki gwoko cam ni i rwom me lyeto ma pat pat pi nino 3 onyo 5 okelo dwoko cen pa C. jejuni ma twero kwo ki, i kare mogo, bene okelo dongo ne. Gu tyeko ni C. jejuni twero kwo i cam pa winyi ki, pi meno, twero bedo gin ma kelo two bot winyi.
Bal ma ki lwongo ni Salmonella i cam pa ler ki winyi ni onongo tam madwong i kare mukato angec ki pud tye gin ma tye ka time me yubu yoo me nongo ne ma tiyo i kom cam ki me nongo yoo me gengo ne maber (12, 26, 30, 45–53). I mwaka ma okato ni, kwan mapol otemo poko ki nyutu pa Salmonella i ka cato cam ma pat pat ki ka yubu cam (38, 39, 54–61). I kom lok, kwan eni nyutu ni Salmonella ki twero poko ne ki i cam ma pat pat, kama ki nongo iye cam, kodi cam ma pat pat, ki kit ma ki yubu kwede cam. Kit ma two ni onya kwede ki two ma ki lwongo ni Salmonella ma ki kwanyo bene onwongo pat pat. ma calo, Li ki luwote. (57) moko ni tye pa Salmonella spp. Ki nongo i 12.5% ​​pa 2058 ma ki kwanyo ki i cam pa ler, jami ma ki keto i cam, cam pa ler, cam pa ler, ki jami ma ki medo i kom ler i kare me coko ngec i mwaka 2002 nio wa i mwaka 2009. Medo ikom meno, two ma ki nongo i 12.5% ​​pa Salmonella ma kinongo ni tye ki two ni obedo S. Senftenberg ki S. Montevideo (57). I kwan ma kitimo i kom cam ma ki yubu me camo ki jami ma aa ki i cam pa ler i Texas, Hsieh et al. (58) owaco ni rwom ma malo pa two Salmonella onwongo tye i ringo rec, ki lubo ki jami ma ki lwongo ni proteins, ki S. Mbanka ki S. Montevideo ma calo gin ma pol loyo. Ka yubu cam bene nyutu kabedo mapol ma twero balo cam i kare me rubu ki medo jami (9, 56, 61). Magossi ki luwote (61) gubedo ki kero me nyutu ni kabedo mapol ma twero kelo peko twero time i kare me yubu cam i lobo Amerika. Ki adaa, Magossi ki luwote. (61) onongo yat acel ma ki lwongo ni Salmonella i 11 feed mills (12 kabedo ma ki kwanyo iye lanyut) i lobe aboro i lobo Amerika. Ki miiyo twero me balo Salmonella i kare me tic ki cam, tero, ki miyo cam nino ducu, pi obedo me ur ni tute matek tye ka time me yubu jami ma ki medo i cam ma twero dwoko piny ki gwoko rwom ma piny me balo kwidi i kare me dongo lee.
Pe ki ngeyo jami mapol ikom kit ma Salmonella gamo kwede formic acid. Ento, Huang et al. (62) onyutu ni formic acid tye i ic matidi pa ler ma nywalo lutino ki ni Salmonella spp. gitwero yubu formic acid. Huang ki luwote (62) otiiyo ki jami ma ki lwongo ni deletion mutants me key pathways me nongo kit ma Salmonella virulence genes nyute kwede ki onongo ni formate twero tic calo diffusible signal me weko Salmonella donyo i Hep-2 epithelial cells. Cokcok ni, Liu et al. (63) okwanyo gin ma cwalo formate, FocA, ki i kom Salmonella typhimurium ma tiyo calo yoo me formate ma pat pat i pH 7.0 ento bene twero tic calo yoo me cwalo jami ma pe tiyo i pH ma malo onyo calo yoo me kelo formate/hydrogen ion ma tiyo i pH ma piny. Ento, kwan man kitimo i kom gin acel keken ma ki lwongo ni S. Typhimurium. Lapeny tye ka ce serotypes weng gamo formic acid ki yoo acel. Man tye lapeny ma pire tek ma omyera ki lok iye i kwan ma anyim. Labongo paro pi adwogi ne, tye me ryeko me tic ki dul kom mapol ma ki lwongo ni Salmonella onyo bene dul kom mapol pa dul kom acel acel i yub me temo ka ki tye ka yubu tam ma mako tic ki jami ma ki medo i kom acid me dwoko piny wel Salmonella i cam. Yoo manyen, ma calo tic ki jami ma ki lwongo ni genetic barcoding me keto rwom me poko kin dul ma pat pat ma tye ki serotype acel (9, 64), miyo kare me poko kin apoka poka ma twero gudo agiki ki gonyo apoka poka.
Kit ma jami ma ki lwongo ni chemical ki kit ma gi poko kwede twero bedo gin ma pire tek. I kin kwan mapol, Beyer et al. (65-67) onyutu ni gengo pa Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, ki Campylobacter coli onongo tye ki rwate ki wel pa formic acid ma ki poko ki onongo pe jenge i kom pH onyo formic acid ma pe ki poko. Kit ma jami ma ki lwongo ni formate ma kwidi ni gi nongo kwede bene nen calo pire tek. Kovanda ki luwote (68) otemo jami makwo mapol ma pe ki Gram-negative ki Gram-positive ki oporo rwom me gengo (MICs) pa sodium formate (500–25,000 mg/L) ki dul pa sodium formate ki free formate (40/60 m/v; 10–10,000 mg/L). Malube ki wel MIC, gin onongo ni sodium formate onongo gengo keken i kom Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus suis, ki Streptococcus pneumoniae, ento pe i kom Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, nyo Enterococcus faecalis. Ka i poro, rubu pa sodium formate ki free sodium formate onongo gengo jami makwo weny, ma oweko lucoc ni gumoko ni free formic acid tye ki jami ma gengo two. Obi bedo ber me neno ratio ma pat pat pa jami aryo magi me moko ka rwom me MIC rwate ki rwom me formic acid ma tye i formula ma ki rubu ki kit ma gamo kwede 100% formic acid.
Gomez-Garcia ki luwote (69) otemo rwate pa moo ma pire tek ki acid ma ki lwongo ni organic acid (ma calo formic acid) i kom jami mapol ma ki kwanyo ki ikom opego. Gu temo tic pa acid abicel, medo ki acid ma ki lwongo ni formic acid, ki moo abicel ma pire tek i kom opego ma ki kwanyo, kun gitiyo ki formaldehyde ma calo gin ma ki nongo. Gomez-García ki luwote (69) omoko MIC50, MBC50, ki MIC50/MBC50 pa acid ma ki lwongo ni formic acid i kom Escherichia coli (600 ki 2400 ppm, 4), Salmonella (600 ki 2400 ppm, 4), ki Clostridium perfringens (1200 ki 2400 ppm, 2), ma onongo kinongo ni tiyo maber loyo acid ni weng yat ma ki lwongo ni organic acids i kom E. coli ki Salmonella. (69) Formic acid tiyo maber i kom Escherichia coli ki Salmonella pien tye ki dul kom matidi ki dul ma boco (70).
Beyer ki luwote otemo Campylobacter ma ki kwanyo ki i opego (66) ki Campylobacter jejuni ma ki kwanyo ki i winyi (67) ki onyutu ni formic acid poko i rwom ma rwate ki MIC ma ki pimo pi organic acid mukene. Ento, teko pa acid magi, medo ki formic acid, ki penyo pien Campylobacter twero tic ki acid magi calo gin ma konyo (66, 67). Tic ki acid pa C. jejuni pe obedo gin me aura pien ki nyutu ni tye ki tic ma pe kelo two. Pi meno, C. jejuni tye ki kero manok me loko cam ma ki lwongo ni carbohydrate catabolism ki jenge i kom gluconeogenesis ma aa ki i amino acids ki organic acids pi pol pa teko me metabolism ki tic me biosynthetic (71, 72). Kwano macon pa Line et al. (73) otiyo ki jami ma ki lwongo ni phenotypic array ma tye ki 190 carbon sources ki onyutu ni C. jejuni 11168(GS) twero tic ki organic acids calo carbon sources, ma pol ne tye i kin tricarboxylic acid cycle. Kwano mukene pa Wagli et al. (74) kun kitiyo ki jami ma ki lwongo ni phenotypic carbon utilization array onyutu ni C. jejuni ki E. coli ma ki kwano i kwan gi twero dongo i kom acid ma calo gin ma kelo carbon. Formate obedo gin ma miyo teko me yamo bot C. jejuni ki, pi meno, obedo gin ma miyo teko bot C. jejuni (71, 75). C. jejuni twero tic ki formate ma calo hydrogen donor kun wok ki i membrane-bound formate dehydrogenase complex ma oxidize formate me doko carbon dioxide, protons, ki electrons ki tiyo calo electron donor pi yweyo (72).
Formic acid tye ki lok macon me tic kwede ma calo gin ma konyo cam me lweny i kom kwidi, ento ler mogo bene twero yubu formic acid me tic kwede calo gin ma gengo kwidi. Rossini ki luwote (76) owaco ni formic acid twero bedo gin ma tye i pii ma ki lwongo ni acidic sap pa ants ma Ray (77) oloko iye cokcok mwaka 350 mukato angec. Cake i kare meno, niang wa i kom yubu acid i kom ler ma ki lwongo ni ants ki ler mukene omede matek, ki dong dong ki ngeyo ni yub man tye i kin jami ma gengo kwidi i kom kwidi (78). Dul pa ler ma pat pat, medo ki kic ma pe ki lak, ler ma ki lwongo ni pointed ants (Hymenoptera: Apidae), ground beetles (Galerita lecontei ki G. janus), ler ma pe ki lak (Formicinae), ki ler mogo ma ki lwongo ni moth larvae (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga), ki ngeyo ni gi kelo formic acid ma calo gin ma gwoko kom (77–88).
Ants aye ki ngeyo maber pien gi tye ki acidocytes, kabedo ma ki yabo ma weko gi cwalo kwiri ma tye ki formic acid (82). Twol ni tiyo ki serine ma calo gin ma kelo two ki gwoko dwong pa formate i dul kom gi ma ki lwongo ni venom gland, ma ki gwoko maber me gwoko ant ma tye ka gwoko gi ki i kom jami ma kelo two nio ka ki cwalo ne (78, 83). Gin ma ki lwongo ni formic acid ma gi cwalo twero (1) tic calo gin ma miyo lworo me ywayo winyo mukene; (2) bedo gin ma gwoko kom i kom lutim aranyi ki lee ma neko dano; ki (3) tiyo calo gin ma neko kwidi two ki kwidi two ka ki keto kacel ki resin ma calo dul kom jami ma ki tiyo kwede i ot ler (78, 82, 84–88). Formic acid ma ki yubu ki anyogi tye ki jami ma gengo kwidi two, ma nyutu ni ki twero tic kwede me medo i kom. Man ki nyutu ki Bruch et al. (88), ma omedo jami ma ki lwongo ni synthetic formic acid i kom gin ma ki lwongo ni resin ki omedo tic pa jami ma neko kwidi. Gin mukene ma nyutu tic pa formic acid ki tic ne i kom jami makwo tye ni ler ma gi camo ler madongo, ma pe twero yubu acid i ic, gi camo ler ma tye ki formic acid me miini gi formic acid ma calo acid ma konyo ic (89).
Tic ki yat ma ki lwongo ni formic acid i poto dong ki tamo ki kwano pi mwaki mapol. I kom lok, formic acid ki tiyo kwede me medo i cam pa lee ki silage. Sodium formate ma tye i kit ma tek ki ma pii ki ngeyo ni ber pi ler weny, luwil ki kabedowa (90). Malube ki rwom me kwan gi (90), rwom ma malo me 10,000 mg me formic acid equivalents/kg me cam onongo ki ngeyo ni ber pi ler weny, kun rwom ma malo me 12,000 mg me formic acid equivalents/kg me cam onongo ki ngeyo ni ber pi opego. Tic ki yat ma ki lwongo ni formic acid ma calo gin ma konyo cam pa ler dong ki kwano pi mwaki mapol. Ki ngeyo ni tye ki wel me cato wil ma calo gin ma gwoko silage ki gin ma gengo kwidi i cam pa ler ki winyi.
Jami ma ki medo i kom jami ma calo acid obedo gin ma pire tek i yubu silage ki gwoko cam (91, 92). Borreani ki luwote (91) owaco ni me nongo rwom me dongo maber pa silage maber mitte me gwoko rwom me cam ma ki gwoko ki gwoko jami ma otwo ma romo. Adwogi me yubu ne maber ni tye dwoko piny rweny pa jami i rwom weny me tic ki jami ma ki lwongo ni ensiling: cake i acaki me aerobic i silo nio wa i fermentation ma lubo, gwoko ki dwoko silo me miyo cam. Yoo mogo ma pat pat me medo rwom me dongo pa silage ki dongo pa silage ma lubo dong kiloko iye matut i kabedo mukene (91, 93-95) ki pe kibi nyamo matut kany. Peko madit tye ni oxidative deterioration ma bino pi yeasts ki molds ka oxygen tye i silage (91, 92). Pi meno, jami ma ki keto i kom dano ki jami ma ki medo i kom jami makwo ki keto me gengo adwogi marac ma bino pi balo (91, 92). Tam mukene ma ki keto i kom jami ma ki keto i silage tye me gengo nya pa kwidi ma twero bedo i silage (me labolle, pathogenic E. coli, Listeria, ki Salmonella) kacel ki mycotoxin-producing fungi (96–98).
Mack ki luwote (92) opoko jami ma ki medo i dul aryo. Acid ma calo propionic, acetic, sorbic, ki benzoic gi gwoko aerobic stability pa silage ka kimiyo bot ler ma camo cam kun gengo dongo pa yeasts ki molds (92). Mack ki luwote (92) opoko formic acid ki acid mukene ki tero calo gin ma miyo acid ma gengo clostridia ki balo jami makwo ma nongo tye ka gwoko rwom me silage protein. I tic, kit gi me kadu aye kit ma ki tiyo kwede me gengo jami ma balo jami ma pe ki kadu (91). Dul mapol me kwedo ngec bene gu kwano formic acid ma calo gin ma ki medo i kom silage. Formic acid ki ngeyo pi teko ne me doko acid oyot ki gengo dongo pa jami ma kelo peko i silage ma dwoko piny protein ki carbohydrate ma twero mol i pii (99). Pi meno, En ki luwote. (92) oporo formic acid ki jami ma ki medo i silage. (100) onyutu ni formic acid twero gengo Escherichia coli ki dwoko piny pH pa silage. Gin ma ki lwongo ni Bacterial cultures ma kelo formic ki lactic acid bene ki medo i silage me weko acidify ki organic acid (101). Ki adaa, Cooley et al. (101) onongo ni ka ki medo acid ki 3% (w/v) formic acid, rwom me lactic ki formic acid okato 800 ki 1000 mg organic acid/100 g me lanyut, kit meno. Mack ki luwote (92) oneno lok ma ki coyo i kom jami ma ki medo i kom silage, medo ki kwan ma ki coyo nicake i mwaka 2000 ma onongo tye ki formic acid ki acid mukene. Pi meno, neno man pe obi nyamo lok ma mako kwan acel acel matut ento obi nyutu jami mogo ma pire tek ma mako tic pa formic acid ma calo gin ma ki medo i kom silage. Gin aryo ni ma ki lwongo ni unbuffered ki buffered formic acid ki kwano gi ki i pol kare Clostridium spp. Tic ne (carbohydrate, protein, ki lactate uptake ki butyrate excretion) gi dwoko piny, kun ammonia ki butyrate gi dwoko piny ki dry matter retention mede (92). Tye jami ma gengo tic pa formic acid, ento tic kwede ma calo gin ma ki medo i silage kacel ki acid mukene nen calo twero cobo peki mogo (92).
Formic acid twero gengo kwidi ma kelo two ma kelo peko i kom yotkom pa dano. Me labolle, Pauly ki Tam (102) gu keto yat ma ki lwongo ni laboratory silos ki L. monocytogenes ma tye ki jami adek ma pat pat (200, 430, ki 540 g/kg) me ryegrass ki dong ki medo ki formic acid (3 ml/kg) onyo lactic acid bacteria (8 × 15/g/kg) ki cellulomes. Gi tito ni yat aryo ni weng odwoko L. monocytogenes piny ma pe ki twero nongo ne i kom jami ma otwo ma nok (200 g/kg). Ento, i kom jami ma otwo ma tye i kin piny (430 g/kg), L. monocytogenes onongo pud kitwero nongo ne inge nino 30 i kom jami ma ki keto iye formic acid. Dwoko piny pa L. monocytogenes nen calo tye ka rwate ki pH ma piny, lactic acid, ki acid ma pe ki poko kacel. Me labolle, Pauly ki Tam (102) gunongo ni lactic acid ki combined undissociated acid onongo pire tek tutwal, ma twero bedo tyen lok mumiyo pe ki neno dwoko piny pa L. monocytogenes i formic acid-treated media ma aa ki i silages ma tye ki dry matter madwong. Kwan ma kit meno omyera ki tim i anyim pi two mukene ma calo Salmonella ki E. coli ma kelo two. Kwano 16S rDNA ma rwate i kom dul pa ler ma ki lwongo ni silage twero konyo me ngeyo alokaloka ma tye i kom kwidi ma ki lwongo ni silage ma time i kare ma pat pat me dongo pa silage ka tye ki formic acid (103). Nongo ngec ma mako kwo pa jami makwo twero miiyo kony me nyamo kit ma silage tye ka mede kwede ki me yubu jami ma ki medo iye maber me gwoko rwom me silage maber.
I cam pa ler ma ki yubu ki nyig cam, gin ma ki lwongo ni formic acid ki tiyo kwede ma calo gin ma gengo kwidi two i cam ma ki yubu ki nyig cam ma pat pat kacel ki jami mogo ma ki keto i cam calo jami ma aa ki i kom ler. Adwogi ma bino i kom two ma mako winyi ki ler mukene ki twero poko ne i dul aryo: adwogi ma bino i kom two ma mako cam ki adwogi ma pe nen i kom two ma mako ic pa lee ingee camo cam ma ki miyo yat (20, 21, 104). Ki lok adaa, dul aryo ni gikubbe, ma calo dwoko piny pa kwidi two i cam omyera okel dwoko piny pa bedo pa lee ka camo cam. Ento, kit ma acid mo ma ki medo i cam ma ki keto i kom cam twero gengo two mapol, calo kit ma cam ni tye kwede ki kit ma ki medo kwede acid ni (21, 105).
I kare mukato angec, tic ki formic acid ki acid mukene ma rwate kwede obedo ka keto cwinye i kom gengo two Salmonella i cam pa lee ki winyi (21). Adwogi me kwan eni ki coyo ne matut i kwan mapol ma ki coyo i kare ma pat pat (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), pi meno jami mogo ma pire tek ma kinongo ki i kwan eni aye ki nyamo i kwan man. Kwan mapol onyutu ni tic pa formic acid i kom cam ma ki keto i cam cung i kom rwom ki kare ma ki keto iye formic acid, rwom me pii ma tye i cam, ki dwong pa kwidi ma tye i cam ki i dog ler (19, 21, 107–109). Kit ma ki yubu kwede cam ki kama ki nongo iye jami ma ki keto i cam pa lee bene tye ka kelo alokaloka. Pi meno, kwan mapol onyutu ni rwom me Salmonella Yat ma ki kwanyo ki i kom ler twero bedo pat ki ma ki kwanyo ki i kom yat (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Ento, apoka poka i kit ma ki gamo kwede acid calo formic acid twero bedo ni kubbe ki apoka poka i kwo pa serovar i cam ki rwom me lyeto ma ki tiyo kwede i cam (19, 113, 114). Apokapoka i kit ma serovar gamo kwede yat ma ki lwongo ni acid twero bedo gin ma kelo balo pa winyo ki cam ma ki balo (113, 115), ki apoka poka i kit ma gene ma kelo two (116) bene twero bedo gin ma kelo two. Apokapoka i kit ma acid twero ciro kwede twero gudo nongo Salmonella i kin jami ma ki pito ka acid ma ki nongo ki i cam pe ki gwoko maber (21, 105, 117–122). Kit ma cam ni nen kwede (ma lubu dit pa jami ma ki camo) bene twero gudu kit ma formic acid tye kwede i dul kom ma i ic (123).
Yooo me medo tic pa yat ma ki lwongo ni formic acid ma ki medo i cam bene pire tek. Ki waco ni rwom ma malo pa acid ni tye pi jami ma ki keto i cam ma tye ki kwidi madwong ma peya ki rubu cam me dwoko piny peko ma twero bino i kom jami ma ki tiyo kwede me miyo cam ki peko ma mako cam pa lee (105). Jones (51) omoko ni Salmonella ma tye i cam ma peya ki lwoko ki jami ma ki lwongo ni chemical lwoko ne tek loyo Salmonella ma tye i cam ma ki keto i nge tic ki jami ma ki tiyo kwede. Kit me tic ki cam ki lyeto i kare me yubu cam i ka yubu cam ki waco ni obedo yoo me gengo balo cam ma ki lwongo ni Salmonella, ento man cung i kom kit ma cam ni tye kwede, dit pa jami ma ki yubu, ki jami mukene ma mako kit me yubu cam (51). Tic pa acid me lweny i kom kwidi bene jenge i kom lyeto, ki lyeto ma malo ka acid ma kwo tye iye twero bedo ki adwogi me gengo Salmonella, ma ki neno i pii ma ki pito Salmonella (124, 125). Kwan mapol ma kitimo i kom cam ma tye ki kwidi two Salmonella miiyo tam ni lyeto ma malo medo tic pa acid i cam (106, 113, 126). Amado ki luwote (127) otiiyo ki yub ma ki yubu me kwan kit ma lyeto ki acid (formic onyo lactic acid) gi rwate kwede i kom 10 pa Salmonella enterica ki Escherichia coli ma ki kwanyo ki i cam pa dyang ma pat pat ki ki keto i kom dyang ma ki keto i acid. Gin omoko ni lyeto aye obedo gin ma weko kwidi matino tino gi nok, kacel ki acid ki kit kwidi ma ki kwanyo. Adwogi me tic kacel ki acid pud tye ka dongo, pi meno rwom me lyeto ma piny ki dwong pa acid ki twero tic kwede. Ento, gin bene guneno ni adwogi me tic kacel pe ki neno kare ducu ka kitiyo ki formic acid, ma oweko gi tamo ni volatilization pa formic acid i rwom me lyeto ma malo onyo adwogi me gwoko jami ma tye i cam obedo gin ma oweko.
Gengo kare me gwoko cam ma peya kimiyo bot lee obedo yoo acel me gengo donyo pa kwidi ma aa ki i cam i kom lee i kare me miyo cam. Ento, ka acid ma tye i cam ni odonyo i ic, en twero medde ki tic me neko kwidi two. Tic pa jami ma ki keto i ic ma ki lwongo ni antimicrobial twero cung i kom jami mapol, medo ki dwong pa acid i ic, kabedo ma ic tiyo iye, pH ki oxygen ma tye i ic, mwaka pa lee, ki kit ma jami makwo ma i ic tye kwede (ma jenge i kom kabedo pa dul kom ma i ic ki dongo pa lee) (21, 24, 128–132). Medo ikom meno, dul pa jami ma kwo ma pe tiyo ki yamo i dul kom ma i ic (ma doko tek i dul kom ma piny pa ler ma tye ki ic ​​acel ka gi dongo) gi kelo acid ma ki lwongo ni organic acids kun gi tiyo ki fermentation, ma twero bedo ki adwogi marac i kom two ma donyo i dul kom ma i ic (17–1919).
Pol pa kwan macon ni onongo tye i kom tic ki acid ma ki lwongo ni organic acids, medo ki formate, me gengo Salmonella i ic pa ler ma ki lwongo ni poulters, ma dong kiloko iye matut i kom jami mapol (12, 20, 21). Ka ki kwano kwan eni kacel, jami mapol ma pire tek ki twero neno. McHan ki Shotts (133) gu waco ni miyo cam ma ki lwongo ni formic ki propionic acid odwoko piny rwom me Salmonella Typhimurium i cecum pa gwen ma ki keto iye kwidi two jonyo ki ki kwano gi i nino 7, 14, ki 21 me mwaka. Ento, i kare ma Hume et al. (128) gubedo ka neno C-14-labeled propionate, gin gumoko ni propionate manok keken i cam twero oo i cecum. Pud tye me moko ka man bene tye ada pi formic acid. Ento, cok cok ni Bourassa et al. (134) owaco ni miyo cam ma ki lwongo ni formic ki propionic acid odwoko piny rwom me Salmonella Typhimurium i cecum pa gwen ma ki keto iye kwidi two jonyo, ma ki kwano i nino 7, 14, ki 21 me mwaka. (132) owaco ni miyo cam ma ki lwongo ni formic acid i 4 g/t bot gwen ma ki lwongo ni broiler i kare me dongo pa cabit 6 odwoko piny dwong pa S. Typhimurium i cecum me bedo piny ma ki nongo.
Nongo pa formic acid i cam twero bedo ki adwogi i kom dul kom mukene me ic pa winyi. Al-Tarazi ki Alshavabkeh (134) gunyutu ni rubu pa formic acid ki propionic acid twero dwoko piny two ma ki lwongo ni Salmonella pullorum (S. PRlorum) i kom cam ki cecum. Thompson ki Hinton (129) guneno ni gin ma ki rubu ma ki cato i cuk ma ki lwongo ni formic acid ki propionic acid omedo dwong pa acid aryo ni i kom cam ki gizzard ki bene neko kwidi i kom Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 i kit ma ki gwoko kwede. Tam man ki cwako ki ngec ma ki nongo ki bot Bird et al. (135) omedo formic acid i pii ma ki mato pa gwen ma ki lwongo ni broiler i kare me juku cam ma peya ki cwalo gi, ma rom ki kec ma gwen ma ki lwongo ni broiler gi kato ma peya ki cwalo gi i ka yubu gwen. Medo formic acid i pii ma amata okelo dwoko piny wel S. Typhimurium i poto ki epididymis, ki dwoko piny wel cam ma tye ki S. Typhimurium, ento pe i wel epididymis ma tye ki two (135). Dongo yoo me cwalo jami ma twero gwoko acid ma tye i kom dano ma nongo gitye ka tic i dul kom ma piny twero konyo me medo tic pa cam. Me labolle, microencapsulation pa formic acid ki medo ne i cam ki nyutu ni dwoko piny wel Salmonella Enteritidis i cecal (136). Ento, man twero bedo pat pat malube ki kodi ler ni. ma calo, Walia ki luwote. (137) pe oneno dwoko piny pa Salmonella i cecum onyo lymph nodes pa opego ma mwaka gi tye 28 ma kimiyo cam ma ki rubu ki formic acid, citric acid, ki essential oil capsules, ki kadi bed ni Salmonella ma ki kwanyo ki i ic odok piny i nino dwe 14, ento pe odok piny i nino dwe 28 Gin onyutu ni two ma ki lwongo ni Salmonella onongo tye i kin opego. ki gengo.
Kadi bed ni kwan i kom formic acid ma calo gin ma neko kwidi i gwoko lee obedo ka keto tam i kom Salmonella ma bino ki i cam, tye kwan mogo ma kwako two mukene ma mako ic. Kwan ma kitimo i kom gin ma ki lwongo ni Kovanda et al. (68) owaco ni formic acid twero bedo maber i kom two mukene ma aa ki i cam, medo ki Escherichia coli ki Campylobacter jejuni. Kwan macon onyutu ni jami ma ki lwongo ni organic acids (me labolle, lactic acid) ki jami ma ki rubu ma tye ki formic acid ma calo gin ma ki keto iye twero dwoko piny rwom pa Campylobacter i kom winyo (135, 138). Ento, kit ma ki waco kwede con ni Beyer et al. (67), tic ki formic acid ma calo gin ma gengo kwidi i kom Campylobacter twero mito gwok. Gin ma kinongo ni tye ka kelo peko i kom cam ma ki medo i kom winyi pien formic acid aye obedo gin ma miyo teko me yweyo pa C. jejuni. Medo ikom meno, dul pa jami ma mako ic ki tamo ni oa ki i cam ma ki rubu ki acid ma ki yubu ki kwidi ma mako ic, calo formate (139). Tam man tye ki tyen lok mo. Pien formate obedo gin ma kelo two i kom C. jejuni, jami ma ki loko gii ma tye ki peko i kom formate dehydrogenase ki hydrogenase gu dwoko piny wel cecal colonization i kom gwen ma ki lwongo ni broiler chickens ka kiporo ki wild-type C. jejuni strains (140, 141). Pud pe tye atir ka ma medo jami ma ki lwongo ni external formic acid twero gudo dul kom ma ki lwongo ni gastrointestinal tract colonization pa C. jejuni i kom gwen. Kit ma jami ma ki lwongo ni formate i ic twero bedo piny pien formate catabolism pa kwidi mukene ma i ic onyo kwanyo formate i dul kom ma malo, ki dong jami mapol twero gudo man. Medo ikom meno, formate obedo gin ma ki yubu ki kwidi mogo ma i ic, ma twero gudo rwom me formate i ic. Kwano wel pa formate ma tye i ic ki ngeyo pa formate dehydrogenase genes kun kitiyo ki metagenomics twero miyo ngec i kom jami mogo ma mako kwo pa jami makwo ma gi kelo formate.
Roth ki luwote (142) oporo adwogi me miyo cam bot gwen ma ki lwongo ni broiler yat ma ki lwongo ni enrofloxacin onyo gin ma ki rubu ki formic, acetic, ki propionic acids i kom rwom me two ma ki lwongo ni Escherichia coli ma pe twero lweny i kom yat. Wel ki jami ma ki kwanyo ki i kom yat ma ki lwongo ni antibiotic-resistant E. coli ki kwano gi i kom ler ma ki kwanyo ki i kom gwen ma mwaka gi tye 1 ki i kom gwen ma mwaka gi tye 14 ki 38. E. coli ma ki kwanyo ki ikom yat ni ki temo pi teko pa ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, ki tetracycline malube ki kare ma ki moko con pi yat acel acel. I kare ma ki kwano wel E. coli ki poko ne, enrofloxacin onyo acid cocktail ma ki medo ni pe oloko wel E. coli ma ki kwanyo ki i ceca pa gwen ma mwaka gi tye 17 ki 28. Winyi ma kimiyo bot gi cam ma ki medo iye enrofloxacin onongo tye ki rwom me ciprofloxacin-, streptomycin-, sulfamethoxazole-, ki tetracycline-resistant E. coli ki dwoko piny rwom me cefotaxime-resistant E. coli i ceca. Winyi ma kimiyo bot gi kongo ni onongo tye ki wel pa E. coli ma gengo ampicillin- ki tetracycline ma odok piny i ceca ka kiporo ki winyi ma ki miino enrofloxacin. Winyi ma kimiyo bot gi acid ma ki rubu ni bene onongo dwoko piny i wel ciprofloxacin- ki sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli i cecum ka kiporo ki winyi ma kimiyo enrofloxacin. Kit ma acid dwoko piny kwede wel E. coli ma pe cang ki yat labongo dwoko piny wel E. coli weny pwod pe nen maber. Ento, adwogi me kwan pa Roth et al. gi rwate ki pa dul pa enrofloxacin. (142) Man twero bedo lanyut me dwoko piny rwom me nya pa jami ma gengo two i E. coli, ma calo jami ma gengo two ma ki waco ni Cabezon et al. (143). Obi bedo ber me timo kwedo matut i kom kit ma yat ma ki lwongo ni plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance i kom ler ma ki lwongo ni gastrointestinal population pa winyo ma tye ki jami ma ki medo i cam calo formic acid ki me medo rwom me kwedo man kun ki kwano gastrointestinal resistome.
Dongo pa jami ma ki medo i kom cam ma gengo two omyera obed ki adwogi manok i kom jami ma kwo i ic, tutwale i kom jami ma kwo ma ki ngeyo ni ber bot ngat ma tye ka gwoko gi. Ento, acid ma ki miyo ki woko twero bedo ki adwogi marac i kom jami ma kwo ma i ic ki twero balo teko gi me gwoko kom ki i kom two. Me labolle, Thompson ki Hinton (129) guneno ni rwom me lactic acid i poto odok piny i kom gwen ma tye ka nywalo lutino ma kimiyo botgi cam ma ki rubu ki formic ki propionic acids, ma nyutu ni bedo pa acid magi ma tye i poto okelo dwoko piny pa lactobacilli i poto. Lactobacilli ma ki pito i poto ki ngeyo ni obedo gin ma gengo two Salmonella, ki pi meno balo jami ma kwo i poto ni twero bedo gin marac pi dwoko piny pa Salmonella ma tye i dul kom ma i ic (144). Açıkgöz ki luwote onongo ni adwogi pa dul kom ma piny pa winyi twero bedo piny. (145) Pe kinongo apokapoka mo i kom wel yat ma tye i ic onyo wel Escherichia coli i kom gwen ma mwaka gi tye 42 ma gitye ka mato pii ma ki keto iye acid ma ki lwongo ni formic acid. Lucoc ni gu waco ni man twero bedo pi formate ma tye ka loko i dul kom ma malo, ma calo ma ki neno ki bot lutim kwed mukene ki exogenously administered short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) (128, 129).
Gwoko formic acid ki i kit me gwoko ne twero konyo me oo i dul kom ma piny. (146) owaco ni microencapsulated formic acid omedo wel short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) ma tye i cecum pa opego ka kiporo ki opego ma kimiyo bot gi formic acid ma pe ki gwoko. Adwogi man oweko lucoc ni gu waco ni formic acid twero oo i dul kom ma piny ka ki gwoko maber. Ento, jami mukene mapol, ma calo dwong pa formate ki lactate, kadi bed ni dwong loyo pa opego ma kimiyo cam ma pe ki gwoko, onongo pe pat ki pa opego ma kimiyo cam ma pe ki gwoko. Kadi bed ni opego ma kimiyo bot gi acid ma pe ki gwoko ki ma ki gwoko onyutu ni lactic acid omede tyen adek, wel lactobacilli pe ki loko ki yat mo keken. Apokapoka ni twero bedo ma nen atir pi jami makwo mukene ma gi kelo lactic acid i cecum (1) ma pe ki nongo ki yoo eni ki/onyo (2) ma tic gi me metabolic ni ki balo, ma weko loko kit ma lactobacilli ma gibedo iye gi kelo lactic acid madwong.
Me pwonyo maber adwogi pa jami ma ki medo i cam i kom ler ma ki gwoko i poto, yoo me ngeyo jami makwo ma nen maber mitte. I mwaka manok mukato angec, rwom me rwom ma malo (NGS) pa 16S RNA gene ni ki tiyo kwede me nongo microbiome taxa ki poro dul pa microbiome ma pat pat (147), ma omiyo niang maber i kom rwate pa jami ma ki medo i cam ki microbiota ma i ic pa lee calo winyo.
Kwan mapol otiiyo ki kit ma jami makwo ma kwo i ic gi gamo kwede jami ma ki medo i kom gi. Oakley ki luwote (148) otimo kwan i kom gwen ma mwaka gi tye 42 ma ki medo iye jami ma pat pat ma ki lwongo ni formic acid, propionic acid, ki medium-chain fatty acids i pii ma gi mato onyo cam gi. Gwok ma ki miyo yat ni ki temo ki yat ma ki lwongo ni nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella typhimurium ki kwanyo ceca gi i nino me 0, 7, 21, ki 42 me mwaka. Kamu kene ma ki lwongo ni cecal ki yubu pi 454 pyrosequencing ki adwogi me sequencing ki kwano me poko ki poro kit ma gi rom kwede. I kom lok, yat ni pi okelo alokaloka mo i kom cecal microbiome onyo rwom me S. Typhimurium. Ento, wel Salmonella ma ki nongo ni odok piny ka winyi ni odongo, ma ki moko ki i kom jami makwo ma kwo, ki wel Salmonella ma ki nongo ni bene odok piny i kare ma okato. Lucoc ni gu waco ni ka ler ma ki lwongo ni broilers ni odongo, dul pa ler ma ki lwongo ni cecal microbial omede, ki alokaloka ma pire tek i kom ler ma i ic ma ki neno i kin dul ma ki miiyo kony ni weny. I kwan ma ki timo cok cok ni, Hu et al. (149) oporo adwogi pa mato pii ki miyo cam ma ki medo ki jami ma ki lwongo ni organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, ki ammonium formate) ki virginiamycin i kom cecal microbiome ma ki kwanyo ki i kom gwen ma ki kwanyo i rwom aryo (nino 1-21 ki nino 2-24). Kadi bed ni apoka poka mogo i kin dul kom ma ki lwongo ni cecal microbiome onongo ki neno i kin gurup ma kimiyo yat i nino 21 me mwaka, pe ki nongo apokapoka mo i kin α- onyo β-bacteria i nino 42. Ki miiyo apokapoka ma pe tye i nino 42 me mwaka, lucoc ni gu tamo ni adwogi me dongo twero bedo ni oa ki i yubu jami makwo ma pat pat.
Kwedo jami makwo ma nen i kom dul kom ma kwo i cecal keken pe twero nyutu kama i dul kom ma i ic pol pa adwogi pa acid ma ki camo time iye. Gin ma tye i ic ma malo pa gwen ma ki lwongo ni broiler twero bedo ki peko me nongo adwogi pa jami ma ki camo, ma calo adwogi pa Hume et al. (128). Hume ki luwote (128) onyutu ni pol pa propionate ma ki medo ni ki nongo i dul kom ma malo pa winyi. Kwan ma ki tiyo i kare ni i kom kit ma jami ma kwo i ic gi nyutu kwede bene miiyo kony i kom lok man. Nava ki luwote (150) onyutu ni rwate pa jami ma kwo [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, ki propionic acid (HFP) obalo gut microbiota ki omedo rwom pa Lactobacillus i ileum pa gwen. Cokcok ni, Goodarzi Borojeni et al. (150) onyutu ni keto jami ma ki lwongo ni organic acid [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, ki propionic acid (HFP) obalo gut microbiota ki omedo rwom pa Lactobacillus i ileum pa gwen. (151) okwano miyo cam bot gwen ma ki lwongo ni broiler ki jami ma ki rubu ki formic acid ki propionic acid i rwom aryo (0.75% ki 1.50%) pi nino 35. I agiki me temo, jami ma ki pito, ic, dul aryo me adek pa ileum, ki cecum ki kwanyo ki kwanyo lanyut me kwan ma mako jami ma kwo i ic ki jami ma ki tiyo kwede kun kitiyo ki RT-PCR. I tekwaro, dwong pa acid ma kwo pe obalo dwong pa Lactobacillus onyo Bifidobacterium, ento omedo dwong pa Clostridium. I ileum, alokaloka acel keken obedo dwoko piny pa Lactobacillus ki Enterobacter, kun i cecum jami magi odong ma pe oloko (151). I rwom ma malo me medo acid ma ki lwongo ni organic acid, rwom me lactic acid (D ki L) odok piny i poto, rwom pa organic acid aryo ni odok piny i gizzard, ki rwom me organic acid odok piny i cecum. Pe tye alokaloka mo kiken i ileum. Ma lubu short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), alokaloka acel keken i kom kodi ki gizzard pa winyi ma ki miiyo organic acids onwongo tye i rwom me propionate. Winyi ma kimiyo bot gi acid ma lapiny onyutu ni wel propionate omede tyen apar i kom cam ma kipito, kun winyi ma kimiyo botgi acid ma romo tyen aryo onyutu ni wel propionate omede tyen aboro ki apar wiye abic i gizzard, kit meno. Medo pa acetate i ileum onwongo tye piny ki tyen aryo. I kom lok, ngec eni miiyo kony i kom neno ni pol pa adwogi me tic ki acid ma woko onongo nen i kom jami ma ki nongo, kun acid ma ki nongo ki i kom dano onongo tye ki adwogi manok i kom dul kom ma tye i ic ma piny, ma nyutu ni kit ma jami ma kwo i ic ma malo twero bedo ni ki loko kwede.
Ki lok adaa, lok ma mako jami makwo matino tino ni mitte me niang kit ma jami makwo matino tino ni gi gamo kwede i dul kom ma i ic. Kwedo matut i kom kit ma jami ma kwo ma i ic gi poko kwede, tutwale dul ma malo calo jami ma kipito, twero miyo ngec mukene i kom yero dul jami ma kwo matino tino mogo. Tic gi me loko kom ki tic pa enzyme bene twero moko ka gi tye ki wat ma pe rwate ki kwidi ma donyo i ic. Man bene obi bedo ber me timo kwedo i kom jami ma ki lwongo ni metagenomic me moko ka ce bedo i kin jami ma ki keto i kom winyi i kare me kwo pa winyi yero pi "acid-tolerant" bacteria ma gibedo iye, ki ka ce bedo ki/onyo tic pa kwidi magi twero bedo gin ma gengo dongo pa kwidi two.
Formic acid ki tiyo kwede pi mwaki mapol ma calo gin ma ki medo i cam pa ler ki calo gin ma miyo cam pa lee bedo acid. Gin acel ma en tiyo kwede ma pire tek tye tic ne me gengo kwidi two ma tye i cam ki dong bedo gi i dog ic pa winyi. Kwan ma kitimo i kom ler ma ki lwongo ni formic acid onyutu ni gin ma ki lwongo ni formic acid tye gin ma tiyo maber i kom Salmonella ki two mukene. Ento, tic ki formic acid i cam twero bedo ki peko pi wel jami ma kwo ma tye i cam ki kero gi me gwoko cam. Formic acid nen calo tye ki adwogi marac i kom Salmonella ki two mukene ka ki camo ki i cam onyo pii ma ki mato. Ento, jemo eni time i dul kom ma malo, ma calo rwom me acid ma ki lwongo ni formic acid twero dwoko piny i dul kom ma piny, ma calo propionic acid. Tam me gwoko acid ma ki lwongo ni formic acid kun ki keto i iye miyo yoo maber me kelo acid madwong i dul kom ma i ic. Medo ikom meno, kwan onyutu ni rubu pa acid ma ki lwongo ni organic acids ber i dongo tic pa winyi ma loyo miyo acid acel keken (152). Campylobacter ma tye i dul kom ma i ic twero gamo formate i yoo ma pat pat, ma calo en twero tic ki formate calo gin ma miyo electron, ki formate aye obedo gin ma miyo teko. Pe tye atir ka medo dwong pa formate i dul kom ma i ic twero bedo ber bot Campylobacter, ki man pe twero time malube ki jami ma i ic mukene ma twero tic ki formate calo gin ma konyo.
Kwano mukene mitte me kwedo adwogi pa gastrointestinal formic acid i kom jami ma pe kelo two ma bedo i gastrointestinal. Wa maro me yero jami ma kelo two labongo balo dul kom ma i ic ma konyo ngat ma tye ka nongo two. Ento, man mito ni ki kwan matut i kom kit ma jami makwo ma kwo i ic gi rwate kwede. Kadi bed ni kwan mogo dong ki coyo i kom ler ma ki lwongo ni cecal microbiome pa winyi ma ki miyo yat me formic acid, omyera ki ket cwiny madwong i kom dul kom ma ki lwongo ni upper gastrointestinal microbiome community. Nongo jami makwo matino tino ki poro jami ma rom i kin jami makwo matino tino ma i ic ka tye onyo pe ki formic acid twero bedo lok ma pe otum. Kwedo ngec mukene, medo ki metabolomics ki metagenomics, mitte me nyutu apoka poka ma tye i kin dul ma rom. Kit ma kit meno pire tek me moko wat ma tye i kin dul kom ma kwo i ic ki kit ma winyi gi gamo kwede jami ma ki yubu ki yat ma ki lwongo ni formic acid. Ribo yoo mapol me nyutu tic pa ic maber omyera owek yub me medo acid ma tiyo maber ki dong medo rwom me yot kom pa winyi ki tic maber kun ki dwoko piny peko ma twero bino i kom cam.
SR ocoyo lok man ki kony pa DD ki KR. Lucoc weny gu miiyo kony madit bot tic ma ki nyutu i neno man.
Lucoc ni owaco ni yub man onongo cente ki bot Anitox Corporation me cako coyo ki goyo yub man. Dano ma gu miiyo cente ni onongo pe ki twero mo i kom tam ki agiki ma ki waco i pwony man onyo i kom tam me goyo ne.
Lucoc mukene ni owaco ni kwan ni kitimo labongo lok mo ma mako cato wil onyo cente ma ki twero tero calo apokapoka me miti.
Ladit DD mito pwoyo kony ma aa ki bot University of Arkansas Graduate School kun wok ki i pwony ma ki lwongo ni Distinguished Teaching Fellowship, kacel ki kony ma tye ka mede ki bot University of Arkansas Cell and Molecular Biology Program ki Department of Food Sciences. Medo ikom meno, lucoc ni mito pwoyo Anitox pi kony me acaki me coyo lok man.
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