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Medo pa got ma ki lwongo ni Shale i pii ma ki lwongo ni clastic reservoirs kelo peko mapol, ma kelo peko i wellbore. Pi tyen lok me gwoko kwo pa dano, tic ki pii ma ki tiyo kwede me buru piny ki jami ma gengo got ma ki lwongo ni shale ber loyo tic ki pii ma ki yubu ki moo. Pii ma ki lwongo ni Ionic liquids (ILs) okelo tam madwong calo jami ma gengo shale pi kit ma gi twero loko kwede ki kit ma gi tiyo kwede ki mac. Ento, jami ma ki lwongo ni imidazolyl-based ionic liquids (ILs), ma pol kare kitiyo kwede i pii ma ki tiyo kwede me buru piny, onyutu ni tye ki kwiri, pe twero balo ki wel ne tek. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) ki ngeyo calo gin ma wel ne yot ki ma pe kelo peko i kom gin ma ki lwongo ni ionic liquids, ento pud gi tye piny ma miite me gwoko kwo pa dano. Dongo manyen i lok man okelo kelo jami ma ki lwongo ni natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), ma ki ngeyo pi gwoko kwo pa dano. Kwan man otiimo kwedo NADESs, ma tye ki citric acid (ma calo gin ma gamo hydrogen bond) ki glycerol (ma calo gin ma miyo hydrogen bond) ma calo gin ma ki medo i pii ma ki tiyo kwede me buru piny. Gin ma ki lwongo ni NADES-based drilling fluids ni ki yubu malube ki API 13B-1 ki tic gi ki poro ki potassium chloride-based drilling fluids, imidazolium-based ionic liquids, ki choline chloride:urea-DES-based drilling fluids. Kit ma jami ma ki lwongo ni physicochemical ma tye i NADESs ni ki tito ne matut. Kit ma rheological, rweny pa pii, ki kit ma gengo got ma ki lwongo ni drilling fluid ni ki kwano i kare me kwan, ki ki nyutu ni i rwom me 3% NADESs, yield stress/plastic viscosity ratio (YP/PV) omede, mud cake thickness odok piny ki 26%, ki filtrate volume odok piny ki 30%. Ki ngeyo, NADES onongo rwom me gengo dongo maber ma romo 49.14% ki omedo rwom me dongo pa shale ki 86.36%. Adwogi eni ki keto i kom kero pa NADES me loko tic pa kom, rwom me zeta, ki kabedo ma tye i kin ngom, ma ki nyamo i karatac man me niang kit ma tic kwede. Pii ma ki tiyo kwede me buru piny ni ki tamo ni obi loko tic me buru piny kun miyo gin ma pe kelo peko, ma wel ne yot, ki ma tiyo maber ma pat ki jami ma gengo buru pa got macon, ma obi yabo yoo pi tic me buru ma pe balo kwo pa dano.
Got ma ki lwongo ni Shale obedo got ma twero tic mapol ma tiyo calo kama ki gwoko iye hydrocarbons, ki kit ma kome nen kwede1 miyo kero me yubu ki gwoko jami ma pigi tego ni. Ento, got ma ki lwongo ni shale tye ki jami mapol ma calo montmorillonite, smectite, kaolinite ki illite, ma miyo bedo yot me dongo ka ki keto i pii, ma weko pii bedo ma ocung matek i kare me tic me bur2,3. Peko eni twero kelo kare ma pe tiyo (NPT) ki peko mapol me tic ma tye iye paip ma ocung, rwenyo mol pa ngom, poto pa pii ki pii ma obale, medo kare me dwoko piny ki wel cente. I tekwaro, jami ma ki tiyo kwede me buru piny (OBDF) obedo gin ma ki yero pi yubu got ma ki lwongo ni shale pien twero gengo dongo pa got ma ki lwongo ni shale4. Ento, tic ki moo ma ki tiyo kwede me buru piny kelo wel ma malo ki peko i kom kabedowa. Jami ma ki tiyo kwede me buru piny (SBDF) ki tero calo gin ma ki twero tic kwede, ento ber gi i rwom me lyeto ma malo pe rwate. Jami ma ki tiyo kwede me buru piny (WBDF) obedo gin maber pien gi tye maber, gi pe balo kwo pa dano, ki wel ne yot loyo OBDF5. Jami ma gengo got ma pat pat ki tiyo kwede me medo kero pa WBDF me gengo got, medo ki jami ma gengo got macon calo potassium chloride, lime, silicate, ki polymer. Ento, jami ma gengo two ni tye ki peko ma mako tic maber ki adwogi ne i kom kabedowa, tutwale pi dwong pa K+ ma tye i jami ma gengo potassium chloride ki pH ma rwate ki silicates. 6 Lutim kwed gu yenyo yoo me tic ki pii ma ki lwongo ni ionic calo gin ma ki medo i kom pii me buru piny me medo rom pa pii ma ki buru ki gengo pong pa got ki dongo pa pii. Ento, pii ma ki lwongo ni ionic liquids ni, tutwale ma tye ki imidazolyl cations, pol kare gi tye ki kwiri, wel gi tek, pe gi balo, ki mito yub ma tek. Me cobo peko eni, dano oyabo yenyo yoo mukene ma wel ne yot ki ma pe balo kwo pa dano, ma okelo jami ma ki lwongo ni deep eutectic solvents (DES). DES obedo gin ma ki rubu ma ki yubu ki hydrogen bond donor (HBD) ki hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) i rwom me molar ki rwom me lyeto ma ki ngeyo. Jami ma ki rubu ni tye ki rwom me lyeto ma lapiny loyo jami ma tye iye acel acel, ma pire tek pi rwom me tic ma oa ki i hydrogen bonds. Jami mapol, medo ki teko me lattice, alokaloka me entropy, ki rwate i kin anions ki HBD, gi tiyo tic ma pire tek me dwoko piny melting point pa DES.
I kwan mukato, jami mapol ma ki medo i kom pii ma ki tiyo kwede me buru piny me cobo peko me dongo pa shale. ma calo, Ofei ki luwote. medo 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl), ma odwoko piny pek pa mud cake (ma romo 50%) ki odwoko piny wel YP/PV ki 11 i rwom me lyeto ma pat pat. Huang ki luwote otiiyo ki pii ma ki lwongo ni ionic (ma calo, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ki 1,2-bis(3-hexylimidazol-1-yl)ethane bromide) kacel ki Na-Bt particles ki odwoko piny dongo pa shale ki 86.43% ki 94.17%, kit meno. Medo ikom meno, Yang et al. otiiyo ki 1-vinyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bromide ki 1-vinyl-3-tetradecylimidazolium bromide me dwoko piny pong pa shale ki 16.91% ki 5.81%, kit meno. 13 Yang et al. bene otiyo ki 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide ki odwoko piny dongo pa shale ki 31.62% kun gwoko shale recovery i 40.60%. 14 Medo ikom meno, Luo et al. otiiyo ki 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate me dwoko piny pong pa shale ki 80%. 15, 16 Dai ki luwote. otiiyo ki jami ma ki lwongo ni ionic liquid copolymers me gengo shale ki onongo 18% me medo i rwom me dwoko piny ka kiporo ki amine inhibitors. 17
Pii ma ki lwongo ni ionic gi tye ki peko mogo, ma oweko ludiro me cayan gu yenyo jami mukene ma pe balo kwo pa dano ma pat ki pii ma ki lwongo ni ionic, ki dong ki nywalo DES. Hanjia obedo ngat mukwongo me tic ki deep eutectic solvents (DES) ma tye ki vinyl chloride propionic acid (1:1), vinyl chloride 3-phenylpropionic acid (1:2), ki 3-mercaptopropionic acid + itaconic acid + vinyl chloride (1:1:2), ma gengo dongo pa bentonite ki 8%, ki 8%, ki 8% 58%, kit meno18. I temo ma pe ki culu, MH Rasul otiyo ki ratio me 2:1 pa glycerol ki potassium carbonate (DES) ki odwoko piny rwom me dongo pa shale ki 87%19,20. Ma otiyo ki urea:vinyl chloride me dwoko piny rwom me dongo pa shale ki 67%.21 Rasul et al. Ribu pa DES ki polymer ni ki tiyo kwede ma calo gin ma gengo shale, ma okelo adwogi maber me gengo shale22.
Kadi bed ni jami ma ki lwongo ni deep eutectic solvents (DES) pol kare ki ngeyo ni obedo gin maber loyo ionic liquids, gin bene tye ki jami ma twero kelo two calo ammonium salts, ma miyo bedo gi maber i kom kwo pa dano bedo ma pi rwate. Peko eni okelo dongo pa jami ma ki lwongo ni natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). Gin pud ki keto gi calo DES, ento gi tye ki jami ma kicweyo ki kadu, medo ki potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), kadu me Epsom (MgSO4.7H2O), ki mukene. Jami mapol ma twero bedo kacel pa DES ki NADES oyabo yoo mapol me kwedo lok i kom lok man ki ki tamo ni obi nongo tic i dul mapol. Lutim kwed mapol gu temo yubu jami manyen ma ki lwongo ni DES ma onyutu ni tiyo maber i tic mapol. ma calo, Naser et al. 2013 oyubu potassium carbonate-based DES ki opwonyo kit ma en tiyo kwede ki lyeto, ma lacen onongo tic i dul ma kwako gengo pii, medo pii, delignification, ki nanofibrillation. 23 Jordy Kim ki lutic luwote gu yubu ascorbic acid-based NADES ki gu temo jami ma gengo two i tic mapol. 24 Christer et al. oyubu citric acid-based NADES ki onyutu teko ne me bedo gin ma konyo jami ma ki yubu ki collagen. 25 Liu Yi ki lutic luwote gu coyo lok ma mako tic pa NADES ma calo jami ma ki kwanyo ki ma ki lwongo ni chromatography i neno ma opong, kun Misan et al. oloko i kom tic maber pa NADES i dul ma kwako cam. Pire tek ni lutim kwed i kom pii ma ki tiyo kwede me tolo jami omyero gucak keto cwiny gi i kom tic pa NADES i tic gi. me kare m'okato ma cegi. I mwaka 2023, Rasul et al. otiiyo ki jami ma pat pat ma ki lwongo ni natural deep eutectic solvents ma jenge i kom ascorbic acid26, calcium chloride27, potassium chloride28 ki Epsom salt29 ki otemo gengo shale ki dwoko cen shale. Kwano man tye i kin kwan mukwongo me kelo NADES (tutwale citric acid ki glycerol-based formulation) ma calo gin ma pe balo kwo pa dano ki ma tiyo maber me gengo shale i pii ma ki tiyo kwede me buru, ma tye ki gwok maber i kom kabedo, medo teko me gengo shale ki medo tic pa pii ka kiporo ki jami macon calo KCl, izoic-based DES ki pii macon.
Kwano ni obi bedo ki yubu jami ma ki lwongo ni citric acid (CA) ma ki yubu ki NADES ma lubo ki nyutu jami ma mako jami ma kwo ki tic kwede ma calo gin ma ki medo i kom pii me buru me pimo kit ma pii ma ki buru ni tiyo kwede ki kit ma en gengo dongo kwede. I kwan man, CA obi tic calo gin ma gamo hydrogen bond ma nongo glycerol (Gly) obi tic calo gin ma miyo hydrogen bond ma ki yero malube ki MH screening criteria pi yubu/yero NADES i kwan me gengo shale30. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) ki zeta potential (ZP) ma ki pimo obi nyutu kit ma NADES-clay gi rwate kwede ki kit ma clay ni gengo kwede dongo ne. Medo ikom meno, kwan man obi poro CA NADES ma ki yubu ki pii ma ki tiyo kwede me buru piny ki DES32 ma ki yubu ki 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIM]Cl7,12,14,17,31, KCl ki choline chloride:urea (1:2) me kwedo kit ma gi tiyo kwede i gengo ki medo tic pa pii ma ki tiyo kwede me buru piny.
Citric acid (monohydrate), glycerol (99 USP), ki urea ki wilo ki bot EvaChem, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Choline chloride (>98%), [EMIM]Cl 98%, ki potassium chloride ki wilo ki bot Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia. Kit ma jami ni tye kwede ki nyutu i cal 1. cal ma ryangi ne rom ki pot yat ma ki tiyo kwede i kwan man: imidazolyl ionic liquid, choline chloride (DES), citric acid, glycerol, potassium chloride, ki NADES (citric acid ki glycerol). Karatac me gwoko kwo pa jami ma ki tiyo kwede i kwan ni ki nyutu i karatac me acel. I karatac ni, jami acel acel ki keto i rwom ma lubu kit ma rac ne, kit ma twero balo kwede, wel ne, ki gwoko kwo pa dano.
Kit ma jami ma ki tiyo kwede i kwan ni tye kwede: (a) citric acid, (b) [EMIM]Cl, (c) choline chloride, ki (d) glycerol.
Hydrogen bond donor (HBD) ki hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) ma ki yero pi dongo pa CA (natural deep eutectic solvent) ma jenge ikom NADES ki yero gi maber malube ki MH 30 selection criteria, ma ki yubu pi dongo pa NADES macalo jami ma gengo shale maber. Malube ki rwom man, jami ma tye ki wel ma dit pa hydrogen bond donors ki acceptors kacel ki polar functional groups ki ngeyo ni ber pi dongo pa NADES.
Medo ikom meno, gin ma ki lwongo ni ionic liquid [EMIM]Cl ki choline chloride:urea deep eutectic solvent (DES) ki yero me poro i kwan man pien ki tiyo kwede mapol calo jami ma ki medo i kom pii me buru piny33,34,35,36. Medo ikom meno, potassium chloride (KCl) ki poro pien en tye gin ma gengo two.
Citric acid ki glycerol ki rubu gi i rwom ma pat pat me nongo jami ma ki rubu. Neno ki wang onyutu ni gin ma ki rubu ni obedo gin ma rwate, ma nen maleng labongo turbidity, ma nyutu ni hydrogen bond donor (HBD) ki hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) ki rubu ne maber i yub man. Temo ma okwongo ki otimo me neno kit ma rwom me lyeto tye kwede i yub me rubu pa HBD ki HBA. Malube ki kwan ma tye, wel jami ma ki rubu ki jami ma ki lwongo ni eutectic ni ki kwano i rwom me lyeto adek ma malo 50 °C, 70 °C ki 100 °C, ma nyutu ni rwom me lyeto ma ki lwongo ni eutectic pol kare bedo i kin 50-80 °C. Ki tiyo ki Mettler digital balance me pimo HBD ki HBA maber, ki Thermo Fisher hot plate ki tiyo kwede me lyeto ki buru HBD ki HBA i 100 rpm i te cik ma ki gwoko.
Kit ma lyeto pa gin ma ki yubu ni (DES) tye kwede, medo ki pek pa gin moni, rwom me lyeto, rwom me lyeto, ki rwom me lyeto, ki pimo maber i kom rwom me lyeto ma aa ki i 289.15 nio wa i 333.15 K. Omyera ki nge ni rwom me lyeto ni ki yero pien jami ma ki tiyo kwede ni nok. Kwedo lok ma opong ni tye ki kwan matut i kom jami ma pat pat ma kwako lyeto pa jami ma ki yubu ki NADES, ma nyutu kit ma gi tiyo kwede i kom rwom me lyeto ma pat pat. Keto tam i kom rwom me lyeto man miyo ngec i kom kit pa NADES ma pire tek pi tic mapol.
Kit ma ki yubu kwede NADES ki pimo i kin 289.15 nio wa i 333.15 K kun kitiyo ki gin ma ki lwongo ni interfacial tension meter (IFT700). NADES droplets ki yubu gi i ot ma opong ki pii madwong kun kitiyo ki gin ma ki lwongo ni capillary needle i te rwom me lyeto ki rwom ma opore. Jami ma ki tiyo kwede me neno cal i kare ni kelo jami ma rwate me kwano rwom me rwom ma malo kun kitiyo ki Laplace equation.
Gin ma ki lwongo ni ATAGO refractometer ni ki tiyo kwede me moko rwom me lyeto pa NADES ma ki yubu manyen i kom rwom me lyeto ma tye 289.15 onyo 333.15 K. Gin ni tiyo ki gin ma ki lwongo ni thermal module me doro rwom me lyeto me byeko rwom me lyeto pa lero, ma kwanyo peko me lwoko pii ma rwom ne rom. Kom ma ki lwongo ni prism me refractometer omyera ki lony ki gin ma ki kwanyo ni omyera ki poko i kome. Medo rwom ki gin ma ki ngeyo, ki ingeye kwan refractive index ki i wang gin ma ki neno ni.
Kit ma ki yubu kwede NADES ni ki pimo i rwom me lyeto ma tye 289.15 onyo 333.15 K kun kitiyo ki Brookfield rotational viscometer (kit ma ki lwongo ni cryogenic type) i rwom me shear rate me 30 rpm ki dit pa spindle me 6. Viscometer ni pimo viscosity ni kun nongo torque ma mite me loko spindle ma tye i pii ma ki kwanyo. Inge keto kamu kene ni i kom gin ma ki lwongo ni screen i te spindle ki ki jingo ne matek, gin ma ki lwongo ni viscometer ni nyutu rwom me rwom ne i centipoise (cP), ma miyo ngec ma pire tek i kom kit ma pii ni tye kwede.
Ki tiyo ki gin ma ki lwongo ni portable density meter DMA 35 Basic me moko pek pa gin ma ki yubu manyen ma ki lwongo ni natural deep eutectic solvent (NDEES) ma tye i rwom me lyeto ma tye 289.15–333.15 K. Kit ma gin ni pe ki gin ma ki keto iye lyeto, omyera ki lyeto con me oo i rwom me lyeto ma ki moko (± 2 °C) ma peya ki tiyo ki NES. Kwany 2 ml me lanyut ki i tube, ki pek ne obi nen cut cut i wang gin ma ki neno ni. Ber me poyo ni pi peke pa gin ma ki keto iye lyeto, adwogi me pimo ni tye ki peko me ± 2 °C.
Me pimo pH pa NADES ma ki yubu nyen i rwom me lyeto ma tye 289.15-333.15 K, watiyo ki Kenis benchtop pH meter. Pien pe tye gin mo ma ki yubu me lyeto, NADES ki lyeto mukwongo nio wa i rwom me lyeto ma mite (±2 °C) kun kitiyo ki hotplate ki dong ki pimo ki pH meter. Ket pH meter probe ni i NADES ki coyo wel me agiki inge kwano ni ocung.
Ki tiyo ki Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) me pimo rwom me lyeto pa jami ma ki lwongo ni natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). Kamu kene ni ki kwano i kare me lyeto. Nono gin ma ki lwongo ni high-precision balance ki neno maber kit ma ki lyeto kwede, ki yubu cal me rweny pa pek ma ki poro ki rwom me lyeto. NADES ki lyeto ki i 0 nio wa i 500 °C ki rwom me 1 °C pi dakika acel acel.
Me cako yub man, kamu kene pa NADES omyera ki rubu maber, ki juku, ki ki kwany pii ma tye i kom ne. Gin ma ki yubu ni ki keto i TGA cuvette, ma ki yubu ki jami ma pe tiyo calo aluminum. Me neno ni adwogi ni tye kakare, jami ma ki tiyo kwede me TGA ki pimo kun kitiyo ki jami ma ki tiyo kwede, ma pol kare ki rwom me pek pa gin moni. Ka dong ki rwate, TGA temo cako ki labol ni ki lyeto i yoo ma ki gwoko, pol kare ki rwom ma rwate. Neno jami ma tye i kin pek pa gin ma ki nyutu ki rwom me lyeto obedo gin ma pire tek i yub me temo ni. Jami ma ki tiyo kwede me TGA kwanyo ngec i kom lyeto, pek, ki jami mukene calo yamo ma mol onyo lyeto ma ki kwanyo. Ka dong ki tyeko temo TGA, ki kwano ngec ma ki nongo me nongo alokaloka i pek pa lanyut ma lubu rwom me lyeto. Lok man pire tek me moko rwom me lyeto ma rwate ki alokaloka me kom ki jami ma tye i kom gin ma ki nyutu ni, medo ki jami ma calo lyeto, lyeto, oxidation, onyo decomposition.
Gin ma ki lwongo ni water-based drilling fluid ni ki yubu maber malube ki cik me API 13B-1, ki kit ma ki yubu kwede ki keto i Table 2 me neno. Citric acid ki glycerol (99 USP) ki wilo ki bot Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia me yubu gin ma ki lwongo ni natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES). Medo ikom meno, gin ma ki lwongo ni conventional shale inhibitor potassium chloride (KCl) bene ki wilo ki bot Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia. 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) ma tye ki leng ma kato 98% ki yero pien tye ki tic ma pire tek me yubu rheology me pii ma ki tiyo kwede me buru ki gengo tic ki shale, ma ki moko i kwan mukato. KCl ki ([EMIM]Cl) weng ki bi tiyo kwede i poro me temo tic pa NADES me gengo got.
Lutim kwed mapol gi maro tic ki bentonite flakes me kwedo dongo pa shale pien bentonite tye ki dul acel ma ki lwongo ni "montmorillonite" ma kelo dongo pa shale. Nongo kamu kene me got ma ki lwongo ni shale core tek pien kit ma ki yubu kwede got ni balo got ni, ma weko kamu kene ni pe obedo got ma ki lwongo ni shale ento pol kare tye ki got ma ki lwongo ni sandstone ki limestone. Medo ikom meno, kamu kene ma ki kwanyo ki i got ma ki lwongo ni shale pol kare gi pe ki dul ma ki lwongo ni montmorillonite ma kelo pong pa got ma ki lwongo ni shale ki dong pi meno pe rwate pi temo gengo dongo pa got.
I kwan man, wa tiyo ki jami ma ki lwongo ni bentonite ma tye ki lac ma romo 2.54 cm. Gin ma ki lwongo ni granules ni ki yubu ki diyo 11.5 grams me sodium bentonite powder i hydraulic press i 1600 psi. Pek pa jami ma ki lwongo ni granules ni ki pimo maber ma peya ki keto gi i linear dilatometer (LD). Gin ma ki lwongo ni particles ni ki keto gi i pii ma ki kwanyo, medo ki gin ma ki kwanyo ki i acaki ki gin ma ki keto iye jami ma gengo dongo pa shale. Aloka loka i pek pa jami ma ki lwongo ni granule ni ki neno maber kun ki tiyo ki LD, ki pimo ma ki coyo i kin 60-ceken pi cawa 24.
X-ray diffraction onyutu ni kit ma bentonite tye kwede, tutwale 47% me montmorillonite, obedo gin ma pire tek me niang kit ma ngom tye kwede. I kin jami ma ki lwongo ni montmorillonite ma tye i bentonite, montmorillonite aye obedo gin ma pire tek, ma kwako 88.6% pa jami weny. I kare meno, quartz tye 29%, illite tye 7%, ki carbonate tye 9%. Dul matidi (ma romo 3.2%) tye gin ma ki rubu ki illite ki montmorillonite. Medo ikom meno, tye ki jami ma calo Fe2O3 (4.7%), silver aluminosilicate (1.2%), muscovite (4%), ki phosphate (2.3%). Medo ikom meno, wel Na2O manok (1.83%) ki iron silicate (2.17%) tye, ma miyo bedo yot me niang jami ma tye i bentonite ki rwom gi.
Dul me kwan man ma opong ni tito kit ma rheological ki filtration pa pii ma ki tiyo kwede me buru ma ki yubu kun kitiyo ki gin ma ki lwongo ni natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) ki kitiyo kwede calo gin ma ki medo i kom pii ma ki tiyo kwede i rwom ma pat pat (1%, 3% ki 5%). Kamu kene ma ki kwanyo ki i NADES ni ki poro ki ki nyamo ki kamu ma tye ki potassium chloride (KCl), CC:urea DES (choline chloride deep eutectic solvent:urea) ki ionic liquids. Jami mogo ma pire tek ma ki kwano i kwan man medo ki kwan me viscosity ma ki nongo ki tic ki FANN viscometer ma peya ki inge keto i rwom me dongo i 100°C ki 150°C. Piim ni ki kwanyo i rwom me ngwec ma pat pat (3 rpm, 6 rpm, 300 rpm ki 600 rpm) ma miyo kare me nyamo kit ma pii ma tye ka buru ni tiyo kwede. Lok ma kinongo ni ki twero tic kwede me nongo jami ma pire tek calo yield point (YP) ki plastic viscosity (PV), ma miyo ngec i kom kit ma pii tiyo kwede i te jami ma pat pat. Temo ma ki lwongo ni high pressure high temperature (HPHT) ma ki temo i 400 psi ki 150°C (rwom ma pol kare ki nongo i pii ma lyet) moko kit ma ki tiyo kwede (pek pa mugati ki dwong pa gin ma ki lwongo ni filtrate).
Dul man tiyo ki jami ma ki tiyo kwede i kare ni, Grace HPHT Linear Dilatometer (M4600), me temo maber kit ma got ma ki lwongo ni shale ni gengo dongo pa jami ma ki tiyo kwede i pii. LSM obedo cuma ma ki yubu maber ma tye ki jami aryo: gin ma ki lwongo ni plate compactor ki linear dilatometer (model: M4600). Gin ma ki lwongo ni Bentonite ni ki yubu me kwedo kun kitiyo ki Grace Core/Plate Compactor. LSM dong miyo ngec ma mako dongo pa jami magi, ma miyo kare me neno kit ma got ma ki lwongo ni shale ni gengo dongo kwede. Temo me nya pa got ma ki lwongo ni Shale ni kitimo i te piny ma piny, ma calo, 25°C ki 1 psia.
Temo rwom me shale tye ki temo ma pire tek ma pol kare ki lwongo ni shale recovery test, shale dip test onyo shale dispersion test. Me cako kwedo man, ki poko gin ma ki lwongo ni shale ki poko i kom #6 BSS screen ki dong ki keto i #10 screen. Gin ma ki kwanyo ni ki keto i tank ma ki rubu ki pii ma tye ki NADES (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent). Tyelo tyelo mukene tye me keto gin ma ki rubu ni i keno pi tic ma lyet matek, me neno ni jami ma ki ngolo ki ngom ni orubu maber. Iyonge cawa 16, ki kwanyo gin ma ki ngolo ni ki i kom yat ni kun ki weko shale ni obale, ma weko pek pa gin ma ki ngolo ni dwoko piny. Temo dwoko got ma ki lwongo ni shale ni kitimo inge nongo got ma ki kwanyo ni ki gwoko i ngom ma ki turo i 150°C ki 1000 psi. inci i kin cawa 24.
Me pimo kit ma got ma ki lwongo ni shale mud ni dwogo kwede, wa yubu ne ki i gin ma ki lwongo ni finer screen (40 mesh), ki dong wa lwoko ne maber ki pii, ki dong wa juku ne i keno. Kit me tic man ma ki tiyo kwede matek ni weko wa twero byeko ngom ma ki nongo ka kiporo ki pek ne macon, ma lacen ki kwano wel ngom ma ki nongo maber. Kan ma ki kwanyo iye jami ma ki lwongo ni shale ni oa ki i Niah District, Miri District, Sarawak, Malaysia. Mapwod pi ki temo poko ki dwoko ne, jami ma ki kwanyo ki i shale ni ki keto gi i X-ray diffraction (XRD) me nongo wel clay gi ki me moko ka gi ber pi temo. Gin ma ki lwongo ni clay mineral ma tye i kom gin ma ki nyutu ni tye kit man: illite 18%, kaolinite 31%, chlorite 22%, vermiculite 10%, ki mica 19%.
Peko ma tye i kom ngom obedo gin ma pire tek ma gengo donyo pa cations me pii i shale micropores kun wok ki i tic pa capillary, ma ki bi kwano ne matut i dul man. Coc man tye ka nyamo tic pa teko ma tye i kom jami ma tye i ngom, kun nyutu teko ma pire tek i kom yub me bur, tutwale gengo got. Watiyo ki gin ma ki lwongo ni interfacial tensiometer (IFT700) me pimo rwom me rwom me pii ma ki kwanyo, ma nyutu gin ma pire tek i kom kit ma pii tiyo kwede i kare me gengo got.
Dul man nyamo lok matut i kom d-layer spacing, ma en aye bor ma tye i kin aluminosilicate layers ki aluminosilicate acel i clays. Kwedo ni kwako ngom ma tye ki 1%, 3% ki 5% CA NADES, kacel ki 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl ki 3% CC:urea based DES me poro. Gin ma ki lwongo ni benchtop X-ray diffractometer (D2 Phaser) ma tiyo ki 40 mA ki 45 kV ki Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.54059 Å) otiyo tic ma pire tek me mako X-ray diffraction peaks pa Na-Bt ma tye ki pii ki ma otwo. Tic ki equation me Bragg miyo twero me moko rwom me d-layer spacing, ma miyo ngec ma pire tek i kom kit ma clay tiyo kwede.
Dul man tiyo ki jami ma ki lwongo ni Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZSP me pimo rwom me zeta maber. Kwedo man omiyo ngec ma pire tek i kom kit ma ki keto kwede 1%, 3%, ki 5% CA NADES, kacel ki 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl, ki 3% CC:urea-based DES pi poro. Adwogi eni konyowa me niang kit ma jami ma ki lwongo ni colloidal compounds gi cung kwede ki kit ma gi ribe kwede i pii.
Kamu kene ma ki kwanyo ki i ngom ni ki temo ma peya ki inge keto ne i kom jami ma ki lwongo ni natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) kun kitiyo ki Zeiss Supra 55 VP field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) ma tye ki teko ma poko X-ray (EDX). Kit ma ki kwanyo kwede cal ni tye 500 nm ki teko pa electron beam onwongo tye 30 kV ki 50 kV. FESEM miyo neno maber i kom kit ma kom piny nen kwede ki kit ma ki yubu kwede lobo ma ki kwanyo. Yub me kwan man onwongo tye me nongo ngec ma mako adwogi pa NADES i kom jami ma ki kwanyo ki i lobo kun ki poro cal ma ki nongo ma peya ki keto i tic.
I kwan man, diro me field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) ki tiyo kwede me kwedo adwogi pa NADES i kom ngom ma ki kwanyo ki i microscopic. Yub me kwan man tye me tito tic pa NADES ki adwogi ne i kom kit ma lobo nen kwede ki dit pa jami ma tye i ngom, ma obi miyo ngec ma pire tek pi kwan i dul man.
I kwan man, ki tiyo ki bal ma ki keto me nyutu alokaloka ki apokapoka pa bal ma ki nongo (AMPE) i kin jami ma ki temo. Ma ka keto wel AMPE acel acel (pien keto wel AMPE twero balo kit ma jami tye ka wot kwede ki medo alokaloka manok), wa kwano bal ma ki tiyo kwede kun wa tiyo ki cik me 5%. Kit me timo man neno ni bal acel acel nyutu kare ma 95% me gen ki 100% pa wel AMPE ki tamo ni obi poto piny, ma miyo ngec ma nen maber ki ma rwate i kom poko ngec pi kit me temo acel acel. Tic ki bal ma jenge i kom cik me 5% man medo rwom me gonyo ki gen pa cal ma ki nyutu ki konyo me miyo niang matut i kom adwogi ki adwogi ne.
I yubu jami ma ki lwongo ni natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), jami mapol ma pire tek ki kwano gii maber i kare me yubu ne i ot. Jami ma pire tek ni tye iye lyeto, rwom me molar, ki rwom me rubu ne. Temo wa nyutu ni ka HBA (citric acid) ki HBD (glycerol) ki rubu gi i ratio me 1:4 i 50°C, ki yubu gin ma ki rubu ni. Gin ma poko kin jami ma ki rubu ki got ma ki lwongo ni eutectic ni tye ni nen maleng, nen ma rom, ki peke pa got. Pi meno, tyelo man ma pire tek ni nyutu teko pa rwom me molar, rwom me lyeto, ki rwom me rubu, ma i kin gii rwom me molar obedo gin ma pire tek loyo i yubu DES ki NADES, ma ki nyutu i cal 2.
Refractive index (n) nyutu ratio pa rwom me ngwec pa lero i vacuum ki rwom me ngwec pa lero i gin me aryo, ma pek. Gin ma ki lwongo ni refractive index tye gin ma pire tek pi jami ma ki lwongo ni natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) ka ki tye ka tamo i kom jami ma ki tiyo kwede ma calo biosensors. Refractive index pa NADES ma ki kwano i 25 °C onwongo tye 1.452, ma tye piny loyo pa glycerol.
Ber me poyo ni refractive index pa NADES dwoko piny ki rwom me lyeto, ki kit man ki twero tito ne maber ki formula (1) ki cal 3, ki absolute mean percentage error (AMPE) ma romo 0%. Kit ma rwom me lyeto ni tye kwede ki gonyo ni ki dwoko piny pa rwom me lyeto ki rwom me lyeto i rwom ma malo, ma miyo lero woto ki i kin piny i rwom ma malo, ma kelo wel ma lapiny me refractive index (n). Adwogi eni miyo ngec ma pire tek i kom tic ki NADES i jami ma ki neno ki wang, ma nyutu teko gi me tic ki jami ma ki neno ki wang.
Pek pa kom, ma nyutu kit ma kom ma tye ki pii twero dwoko piny dit pa kome, pire tek tutwal me temo kit ma jami ma ki lwongo ni natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) twero tic kwede ma lubu rwom me capillary pressure. Kwano lok ma mako rwom me lyeto ma tye i kin 25-60 °C miyo ngec ma pire tek. I 25 °C, rwom me tic pa citric acid-based NADES onwongo tye 55.42 mN/m, ma tye piny tutwal loyo pa pii ki glycerol. cal me 4 nyutu ni rwom me lyeto piny dwoko piny tutwal ka rwom me lyeto tye ka mede. Gin ma tye ka time ni ki twero gonyo ne ki medo pa teko pa molecule ki dwoko piny pa teko ma mako jami ma tye i kin molecule.
Kit ma rwom me rwom me rwom piny ma ki neno i NADES ma ki kwano ni ki twero nyutu ne maber ki equation (2), ma nyutu rwom me cura ma tye i kin rwom me lyeto ma tye 25-60 °C. Graph ma tye i cal 4 nyutu ka maleng kit ma rwom me lyeto tye ka mede kwede ki rwom me lyeto ki rwom me bal (AMPE) me 1.4%, ma nyutu rwom me rwom me rwom ma malo ma ki ripot. Adwogi eni tye ki tyen lok ma pire tek me niang kit ma NADES tiyo kwede ki kit ma en twero tic kwede.
Ngeyo rwom me pek pa jami ma ki lwongo ni natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) pire tek me konyo tic kwede i kwan mapol. Pek pa citric acid-based NADES i 25°C tye 1.361 g/cm3, ma tye malo kato pek pa glycerol. Apokapoka eni ki twero gonyo ne ki medo gin ma gamo gin ma ki lwongo ni hydrogen bond (citric acid) i kom glycerol.
Ka ki kwanyo citrate-based NADES ma calo labol, pek ne opoto piny nio wa i 1.19 g/cm3 i 60°C. Medo pa teko me ngwec i kom lyeto weko jami ma ki lwongo ni NADES gi poko, ma weko gi bedo ki rwom ma malo, ma weko gi dwoko piny pek pa jami. Dwogo piny ma ki neno i kom pek pa gin ni nyutu rwate ki rwom me lyeto, ma ki twero nyutu ne maber ki formula (3). cal me 5 nyutu kit ma NADES loko kwede ki rwom me bal (AMPE) me 1.12%, ma miyo rwom me rwom me rwom ma ki coyo.
Kit ma pii mol kwede obedo teko ma mako jami ma pat pat ma tye ka wot ki tiyo tic ma pire tek me niang kit ma jami ma ki lwongo ni natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) twero tic kwede i tic mapat pat. I 25 °C, rwom me buru pa NADES onwongo tye 951 cP, ma onwongo tye malo loyo pa glycerol.
Dwoko piny ma ki neno i kom rwom me lyeto ki medo rwom me lyeto ki tito pi goro pa teko ma mako jami ma tye i kin jami ma tye i kin jami. Gin ma time ni kelo dwoko piny i rwom me buru pa pii, gin ma ki nyutu maber i cal 6 ki ki kwano ki Equation (4). Ki ngeyo, i 60°C, rwom me buru piny nio wa i 898 cP ki bal ma tye i kin 1.4%. Ngeyo matut i kom rwom me lyeto ki rwom me lyeto i NADES pire tek tutwal pi tic kwede.
pH pa gin ma ki tiyo kwede, ma ki moko ki logarithm ma pe opore pa dwong pa ion me hydrogen, pire tek, tutwale i tic ma rwate ki pH calo DNA synthesis, pi meno pH pa NADES omyera ki kwan maber ma peya ki tiyo kwede. Ka ki kwanyo citric acid-based NADES ma calo labol, pH ma nen maber ma tye 1.91 ki twero neno, ma tye ma pat ki pH ma pe rwate ki glycerol.
Ma omyera, pH pa gin ma ki lwongo ni natural citric acid dehydrogenase soluble solvent (NADES) onyutu rwom ma piny ma pe rwate ki rwom me lyeto. Gin ma time ni oa ki i rwom me yenge pa jami ma tye ka mede ma balo rwom me H+ i pii, ma kelo dongo pa [H]+ ions ki, i agiki ne, alokaloka i rwom me pH. I kare ma pH pa citric acid tye i kin 3 nio wa i 5, bedo tye pa acidic hydrogen i glycerol dwoko piny pH nio wa i 1.91.
Kit ma pH pa citrate-based NADES tye kwede i rwom me lyeto ma tye 25-60 °C ki twero nyutu ne maber ki equation (5), ma miyo rwom me pH ma ki neno. cal me 7 nyutu dul ma mit ni, ma nyutu adwogi pa lyeto i kom pH pa NADES, ma ki waco ni tye 1.4% pi AMPE.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) me natural citric acid deep eutectic solvent (NADES) ki otimo i rwom me lyeto ma aa ki i rwom me lyeto me ot nio wa i 500 °C. Kit ma ki twero neno kwede ki i cal 8a ki b, rweny pa pek ma okwongo nio wa i 100 °C onongo tye pi pii ma ki nongo ki pii ma ki keto i citric acid ki glycerol maleng. Gin ma pire tek ma romo 88% onongo ki neno nio wa i 180 °C, ma onongo tye pi balo pa citric acid me doko aconitic acid ki dong yub me methylmaleic anhydride(III) ka ki medo lyeto (lanyut 8 b). Ma malo 180 °C, nen maber pa acrolein (acrylaldehyde) i glycerol bene ki twero neno, ma ki nyutu i cal 8b37.
Kwedo rwom me lyeto (TGA) pa glycerol onyutu ni rwom me rwenyo pek ne tye i rwom aryo. I acaki (180 onyo 220 °C) tye ki yub pa acrolein, ma lubo ki rwenyo pek pa gin ni i rwom ma malo ma aa ki 230 onyo 300 °C (lanyut 8a). Ka lyeto tye ka mede, acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide, methane, ki hydrogen gi tye ka dongo i rwom acel. Ki ngeyo, 28% keken me pek pa gin ni ki gwoko i 300 °C, ma nyutu ni jami ma tye i NADES 8(a)38,39 twero bedo ni tye ki peko.
Me nongo ngec ma mako yub pa jami ma ki lwongo ni chemical bonds, jami ma ki yubu manyen ma ki lwongo ni natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) ki kwano ki Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Kwedo ni kitimo kun ki poro rwom pa NADES ki rwom pa citric acid (CA) ki glycerol (Gly). CA spectrum onyutu rwom ma malo i 1752 1/cm ki 1673 1/cm, ma nyutu rwom me yenge pa C=O bond ki bene tye kit pa CA. Medo ikom meno, alokaloka madit i kom OH ma tye ka ngwec i 1360 1/cm onongo ki neno i kabedo ma ki keto iye cing, ma ki nyutu i cal 9.
I yo acel-lu, i kom glycerol, alokaloka pa OH ma tye ka ngwec ki ngwec ma tye ka ngwec onongo kinongo i wavenumbers me 3291 1/cm ki 1414 1/cm, kit meno. I kare ni, ki nyamo rwom me NADES ma ki yubu, alokaloka madit i rwom ma ki nongo. Kit ma ki nyutu kwede i cal 7, yenge pa C=O bond oloko ki 1752 1/cm me oo 1720 1/cm ki bending vibration pa -OH bond me glycerol oloko ki 1414 1/cm me oo 1359 1/cm. Aloka loka eni i wel ma ki lwongo ni wavenumbers nyutu alokaloka i electronegativity, ma nyutu yub pa jami ma ki lwongo ni chemical bonds i yub pa NADES.