Kabedo me wilobo ni tiyo ki jami ma ki lwongo ni cookies me medo rom pa tic ni. Ka i mede ki tic ki kabedowa me wilobo ni, in iyee ki cik ma kwako jami ma ki keto i cim ni.
Ka itye ki namba me bedo lamemba me ACS, tim ber i ket kany wek wa twero keto akaunti ni i me bedo lamemba ni. (Obedo dic ku)
ACS tero bedo piri keni calo gin ma pire tek. Ka i cwalo ngec ni, ki in itwero limo C&EN ki coyo nying i lok ma mako cabit ki cabit. Watiyo ki ngec ma imiyo me medo rwom me kwan ni, ki pe wabi cato ngec ni bot dano mukene.
I mwaka 2005, kampuni madit ma cato jami ma dano tiyo kwede ma ki lwongo ni Colgate-Palmolive oweko cato wil me lwoko bongi i North America kun cato jami calo Fab ki Dynamo bot Phoenix Brands. I nge mwaka adek, kampuni mukene ma cato jami ma dano tiyo kwede, Unilever, ocato jami me lwoko bongo me Amerika ma tye iye All ki Wisk bot Sun Products.
Cato biacara ne bot kampuni aryo ma tiino ma pe jenge ikom gamente oweko cato wil pa P&G ma rwom ne lamal i lobo Amerika odoko tek. I yo me miti, Procter & Gamble pi gu waco ni gu loyo.
Ki adaa, i mwaka 2014, Alan G. Lafley, ma onwongo obedo CEO pa Procter & Gamble (P&G), obedo ki arem pi kwanyo Unilever. En owaco ni en oloyo rwom me cato wil ma i kin piny, ma oweko jami pa P&G onongo tye i kin rwom ma malo, kun miyo jami ma rwom ne lapiny ki lucat wil adek. Procter & Gamble tye lacat wil ma ki ngeyo maber calo Tide and Gain. Tye pi 60% pa biacara me jami lwoko bongi i lobo Amerika, ento man obedo biacara ma ocung, ki tye apoka poka madit i wel jami ma kampuni ni yubu ki luwote.
I nge mwaka acel, ngat acel ma tye ka pyem kwede, kampuni me Germany ma ki lwongo ni Henkel, oloko jami. Dul ne okelo jami me lwoko bongo maber ma ki lwongo ni Persil i lobo Amerika, ma okwongo ki cato ne ki i Wal-Mart, ki lacen ki cako cato ne i lucat wil calo Target. I mwaka 2016, Henkel omedo balo jami kun wilo Sun Products.
Yabo pa Persil odwoko rwom me tic pa jami me lwoko bongi piny, ento twero bedo oyot loyo kit ma Lafley onongo tamo kwede. I dwe me abic mukato, i kare ma magazin ma ki lwongo ni "Consumer Report" oketo nying acel i kin jami manyen pa Henkel, Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, gin ma tiyo maber loyo i lobo Amerika, en ki lutela mukene me P&G omyera gubed ki awura. Yub me keto loc okelo Tide i kabedo me aryo pi tyen mukwongo i nge mwaki mapol.
Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) gu dwoko rwom me tic gi ma ki lwongo ni Tide Ultra Stain Release i mwaka 2016. Dul ne owaco ni gu medo jami ma konyo kom ki kwanyo pii mogo, ma okelo gin ma pek ki ma romo kwanyo rangi. Magajin ni owaco ni gin ma ki yubu ni tye malo i kin jami ma ki cato i ripot pa luwil, kadi bed ni pe pire tek.
Ripot pa luwil cok cok ni oketo Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent ki Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 calo jami aryo maber loyo me lwoko bongi i lobo Amerika. C&EN obi neno jami ma kelo peko eni, kacel ki kit ma ki tiyo kwede ki luyub ne.
Ripot pa luwil cok cok ni oketo Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent ki Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 calo jami aryo maber loyo me lwoko bongi i lobo Amerika. C&EN obi neno jami ma kelo peko eni, kacel ki kit ma ki tiyo kwede ki luyub ne.
Pud tye con tutwal me waco ka Henkel obi pyem ki P&G bot luwil me Amerika ma gi wilo jami me lwoko bongi maber. Ento ka ludiro ma gi yubu jami ma ki lwongo ni P&G gi winyo calo gi tye agonya pi peke pa dano mukene, ki bi rwenyo gi woko.
Shoaib Arif, ladit ma loyo tic ki jami ma ki tiyo kwede i Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, otiito ni i lobo Amerika, Tide ki Persil obedo jami maber pi biacara ki ki twero poko gi i rwom me tic angwen. I mwaka ma okato ni, Arif ki ludiro mukene ma ki lwongo ni Pilot gukonyo kampuni mapol ma yubu jami me ot me yubu jami me lwoko bongo manyen ki jami mukene me lwoko bongo.
I cuk ma wel ne lapiny, en tye gin ma ki tiyo kwede me lwoko bongo ma wel ne yot. Malube ki Arif, twero bedo ki jami ma weko kom bedo ma yot, ma calo linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) kacel ki mit ki kala. Dul ma lubo me gin ma ki yubu ni ki twero medo iye jami ma konyo kom onyo gedo, ma calo sodium citrate, tackifier ki jami ma konyo kom me aryo.
LABS obedo gin ma ki lwongo ni anionic surfactant, ma ber me kwanyo jami ma nen maber ki i kom bongo ki tiyo maber i kom bongo ma ki yubu ki pama. Gin me aryo ma pol ma ki tiyo kwede i kom jami ma ki lwongo ni ethanol ethoxylate, gin ma ki tiyo kwede ma pe ki ion, ma tiyo maber loyo LABS, tutwale me kwanyo moo ki cilo ki i kom jami ma ki yubu.
I dul me adek, luyub jami romo medo jami ma weko wang dano bedo maleng i wel ma piny manok. Jami ma ki lwongo ni optical brighteners ni gi kwanyo lero ma ki lwongo ni ultraviolet ki gi gonyo i kabedo ma bulu ni me miyo bongo nen maleng. Jami ma konyo kom, jami ma weko bongo bedo maber, jami mukene ma konyo gedo ki polymers ma gengo dwoko piny pol kare ki nongo gi i jami ma kit meno, ma twero mako cilo ki i pii me lwoko me gengo ni pe odok i kom bongo ni.
Jami ma ki tiyo kwede me lwoko bongo ma wel ne tek loyo ki nyutu gi ki jami ma weko kom bedo maber ki jami mukene ma pat pat, calo kongo ma ki lwongo ni alcohol sulfates, alcohol ethoxy sulfates, amine oxides, fatty acid soaps ki cations. Polymers ma mako ngom ma pat pat (mukene ki yubu pi kampuni ma calo Procter & Gamble ki Henkel) ki enzymes bene gi donyo i dul man.
Ento, Arif ociko ni medo jami ma ki tiyo kwede kelo peko ne. I rwom mo, yubu jami ma ki tiyo kwede me lwoko bongo obedo gin ma ki ngeyo, ki ludiro i kom jami ma ki lwongo ni chemistry gi ngeyo kit ma jami ma ki tiyo kwede i kom jami ma ki lwongo ni surfactants tiyo kwede.
En otito ni: "Ento, ka dong ki yubu gin ma ki lwongo ni formula, jami eni weng obi gudu ngat acel acel, ki in pe itwero byeko ngo ma formula me agiki ni obi timo." "I pud ​​myero item me neno ni tiyo i kwo me ada."
Me labolle, jami ma konyo kom ki jami ma gedo twero gengo tic pa enzyme, Arif owaco. Luyub jami me lwoko bongo romo tic ki jami ma gwoko enzyme (ma calo sodium borate ki calcium formate) me cobo peko eni.
Franco Pala, lapwony madit me Battelle's World Detergent Project, owaco ni jami mapol ma ki nongo i jami ma ki yubu maber bene twero kelo peko. "Pe yot me medo jami mapol ma weko kom dano bedo maber," Pala oloko. Kit ma jami twero mol kwede doko peko, ki rwate marac i kin jami ma tiyo i ngom bene doko peko.
Yub me Battelle ma tye ki dano mapol ma Pala aye otelo ne oyabe i acaki me mwaka 1990 kun ki kwano jami ma ki yubu me lwoko jami ma ki yubu i wilobo. Battelle tiyo ki jami ma ki ngeyo me konyo lucat wil ki lucat jami ma ki tiyo kwede me kato ki i kin jami ma ki keto me niang, me labolle, rwom me ethoxylation pa surfactants onyo ka surfactant backbone tye linear onyo branched.
Para owaco ni i kare ni, jami ma ki lwongo ni polymers obedo gin ma pire tek ma kelo alokaloka i jami ma ki tiyo kwede me lwoko bongo. Me labolle, jami ma ki yubu ki Tide ki Persil tye ki polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, ma obedo polymer ma kwanyo cilo ma ki yubu ki BASF pi Procter & Gamble, ento dong tye mapol bot luyub jami me lwoko bongo.
Pala owaco ni terephthalic acid copolymers bene nonge i jami mogo ma ki tiyo kwede me lwoko bongo maber, ma obi umu bongo i kare me lwoko, ma miyo bedo yot me kwanyo buru ki cilo i kare me lwoko. Battelle tiyo ki jami ma calo gel permeation chromatography me poko polymers ki dong tiyo ki infrared spectroscopy me moko kit ma gi nen kwede.
Yub me Battelle bene keto cwinye i kom enzymes, ma obedo jami ma ki yubu ki jami makwo ma luyub gi mede ki yubu mwaka ki mwaka. Me temo tic pa enzyme ni, dul pa Pala gu keto enzyme ni i kom gin ma tye ki chromophore. Ka enzyme ni balo gin ma tye piny ni, chromophore ni ki gonyo ki ki pimo ki absorption onyo fluorescence spectroscopy.
Proteases ma lwenyo proteins obedo enzymes mukwongo ma ki medo i detergents i agiki me mwaka 1960s. Enzymes ma ki medo i kom jami lweny ni tye iye amylase, ma balo jami ma ki lwongo ni starch, ki mannanase, ma balo jami ma ki lwongo ni thickeners pi guar gum. Ka cam ma tye ki guar (ma calo ice cream ki gin ma ki lwongo ni barbecue sauce) opoto i kom bongo, gin ma ki lwongo ni chewing gum obi bedo i kom bongo kadi wa i nge lwoko. Ki keto i bongo ki ki tiiyo kwede calo glue pi buru ma nen calo jami ma ki lwongo ni granular, ma kelo buru ma tek me kwanyo ne.
Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 ki Tide Ultra Stain Release weng tye ki protease, amylase ki mannanase.
Persil bene tye ki lipase (ma twero balo moo) ki cellulase (ma twero lonyo labongo rwate kun ki tiyo ki jami mogo ma ki lwongo ni cotton fiber) me kwanyo cilo ma ocung i kom fiber ni. Cellulase bene twero miyo pama bedo yom ki weko kala ne ryeny. I kare acel, malube ki waraga ma ki coyo, gin ma pat i kom jami ma ki tiyo kwede me lwoko bongo ma ki lwongo ni tidal detergent en aye glucanase, ma twero balo polysaccharides ma amylase pe twero balo.
Novozymes ki DuPont gubedo luyub enzymes pi kare malac, ento BASF odonyo i tic man i kit me proteases. I yub me yub me jami ma ki tiyo kwede me lwoko bongo ma obedo i Germany i kare me kac mukato, BASF okati ki dul pa jami manyen ma ki lwongo ni protease ki polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, kun waco ni jami ma ki rubu ni miiyo tic maber bot luwil ma mito yubu jami me lwoko bongo ma lyet manok.
Ki adaa, Arif ki dano mukene ma gineno lok me cato wil owaco ni miyo twero bot luyub jami me lwoko bongo me yubu jami ma mito teko manok onyo gwoko kwo pa dano ki i kom jami ma ki nongo ki i ngom obedo gin ma lubo i tic man. I dwe me abic mwaka mukato, P&G okati ki Tide Purclean, ma obedo dul pa jami ma ki ngeyo, ma 65% pa jami ma ki keto iye aa ki i kom yadi. I ngeye, i dwe me apar, Unilever owillo Seventh Generation, ma yubu jami me lwoko jami ki jami mukene me lwoko kom, me dwogo cen i cato jami me lwoko jami i lobo Amerika.
Kadi bed ni loko jami maber loyo me doko jami me lwoko ma ki miiyo mot pol kare bedo tek, "kit ma tye ka time kwede i kare ni tye maber," Arif owaco. "Luwil tye ka penyo ni, 'Wa twero yubu jami ma aa ki i kom dano ma pe kelo peko i kom dano ki kabedowa, ento pud tiyo maber nining?'