Wapoyoyi pi limo nature.com. Kit me layeny ma itye ka tic kwede ni tye ki CSS manok. Pi nongo ngec maber, wa miini tam ni oti ki gin manyen me neno piny (onyo juku kit me tic kwede i Internet Explorer). Medo ikom meno, me neno ni kony tye ka mede, kabedo man pe obi medo style onyo JavaScript.
Melamine obedo gin ma ki ngeyo ni balo cam ma twero bedo tye i dul cam mogo ma pe ki tamo ki ma ki tamo. Yub me kwan man onwongo tye me moko ni ki nongo ki kwano wel melamine i cak ma ki yubu ki cak ma ki yubu ki cak. Wel cam ma ki cato ma romo 40, medo ki cak ma ki yubu ki cak ma ki yubu ki cak, ki i kabedo ma pat pat i Iran ki kwano. Ki nongo wel melamine ma tye i kom jami ma ki nyutu ni kun kitiyo ki jami ma ki lwongo ni high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) system. Ki yubu gin ma ki lwongo ni calibration curve (R2 = 0.9925) me nongo melamine ma tye i kin 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1. Peko me kwano ki nongo ne onwongo tye 1 μg mL−1 ki 3 μg mL−1, kit meno. Melamine ki temo i cak ma ki yubu ki cak ma ki yubu ki cak ki adwogi ne onyutu ni rwom me melamine i kom cak ma ki yubu ki cak ki cak ma ki yubu ki cak onwongo tye 0.001–0.095 mg kg−1 ki 0.001–0.004 mg kg−1, kit meno. Jami ma piire tek ni rwate ki cik pa EU ki Codex Alimentarius. Pire tek me ngeyo ni camo jami ma ki yubu ki cak ma tye ki melamine ma nok pe kelo peko madit bot yotkom pa luwil. Man bene ki cwako ki adwogi me neno peko ma twero bino.
Melamine obedo gin ma ki lwongo ni compound ma tye ki formula me C3H6N6, ma ki kwanyo ki i cyanamide. Tye ki kero manok me gonyo i pii ki tye ki 66% me nitrogen. Melamine obedo gin ma ki tiyo kwede i tic mapol ma tye ki tic mapol ma opore i yubu jami ma ki lwongo ni plastics, fertilizers, ki jami ma ki tiyo kwede me yubu cam (ma tye iye jami ma ki keto i bok ki jami me ot tedo)1,2. Melamine bene ki tiyo kwede ma calo gin ma tingo yadi me cango two. Kit ma nitrogen tye kwede ma malo i melamine twero kelo tic marac ki gin ni ki miyo kit pa protein molecules bot jami ma ki keto i cam3,4. Pi meno, medo melamine i kom cam, medo ki cak, medo rwom me nitrogen. Pi meno, ki moko ni gin ma tye i cak ni tye madwong loyo kit ma onongo tye kwede.
Pi gram acel acel me melamine ma ki medo, wel protein ma tye i cam obi mede ki 0.4%. Ento, melamine twero gonyo i pii ki twero kelo peko mapol. Medo gram 1.3 me melamine ikom jami ma tye ki pii calo cak twero medo dwong pa protein ma tye i cak ki 30%5,6. Kadi bed ni ki medo melamine i cam pa ler ki bene pa dano me medo rwom me protein7, Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) ki lutela me lobo pe gu ye melamine calo gin ma ki medo i cam ki gu keto ni rac ka ki mato, yweyo, onyo ki donyo i del kom. I mwaka 2012, World Health Organization's (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer oketo melamine calo gin ma kelo two kanca i rwom me 2B pien twero bedo gin marac i kom yotkom pa dano8. Bedo i kom gin ma ki lwongo ni melamine pi kare malac twero kelo two kanca onyo balo obwo2. Melamine ma tye i cam twero ribbe ki cyanuric acid me yubu yellow crystals ma pe romo gonyo i pii ma twero balo dul kom ma ki lwongo ni kidney ki bladder, kacel ki two kanca me yoo me lac ki rwenyo pek pa kom9,10. Twero kelo two ma mako cam ki, ka tye madwong, too, tutwale i kom lutino matino ki lutino matino.11 Dul ma kwako yot kom i wilobo (WHO) bene oketo wel melamine ma dano twero camo nino ducu (TDI) i 0.2 mg/kg pek pa kom nino acel acel malube ki cik pa CAC.12 Dul ma loyo lok kom cam ki yadi me US (US) oketo wel melamine ma odong i nino acel acel 1 mg/kg i cam pa lutino ki 2.5 mg/kg i cam mukene.2,7 I dwe me Abugwen mwaka 2008, ki waco ni dano mapol ma gi yubu cak pa lutino gu medo melamine i cak ma ki yubu ki cak me medo rwom me protein ma tye i jami ma gi yubu, ma okelo two ma mako cak ki okelo two ma mako cak ma obalo lutino ma romo 2004 ki 2004 ki tero dano ma oo 50,000 i ot yat. 13
Doto cak pe twere kare ducu pi jami mapol calo peko me kwo i boma, two pa min latin nyo latin, ma weko kitiyo ki cak me cak me miyo cam bot lutino. Kit ma adugi ne tye kwede, ki yabo factori me yubu cak pa lutino ma cok ki cak pa min ic i kit ma ki yubu kwede14. Cak pa lutino ma ki cato i cuk pol kare ki yubu ki cak pa dyang ki pol kare ki yubu ki jami ma ki rubu ma calo moo, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals ki jami mukene. Me bedo cok ki cak cak, jami ma miyo teko ki moo ma tye i cak ma ki yubu ni loko, ki malube ki kodi cak, ki medo ki jami ma calo vitamin ki mineral calo iron15. Kit ma lutino matino gubedo dul ma goro ki tye ki peko me nongo kwiri, ber pa mato cak ma ki yubu ki buru ma ki lwongo ni powder pire tek pi yotkom. Iyonge two ma ki lwongo ni melamine poisoning i kin lutino ma ki nywalo gi i lobo China, lobe mapol i wilobo gu keto cwiny gi i kom lok man, ki lok ma mako lok man bene omede. Pi meno, pire tek tutwal me jingo yub me yubu cak pa lutino me gwoko yotkom pa lutino. Tye yoo mapol me nongo melamine i cam, medo ki high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrophoresis, yoo me winyo, spectrophotometry ki antigen-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay16. I mwaka 2007, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oyubu ki okati ki yoo me HPLC me nongo melamine ki cyanuric acid i cam, ma en aye yoo maber loyo me nongo melamine17.
Kit ma melamine tye kwede i cam pa latin ma ki pimo kun kitiyo ki yoo manyen me infrared spectroscopy ni tye 0.33 onyo 0.96 milligrams pi kilogram acel (mg kg-1). 18 Kwan ma kitimo i Sri Lanka onongo ni rwom me melamine i cak ma ki yubu ki buru tye i kin 0.39 onyo 0.84 mg kg-1. Medo ikom meno, jami ma ki kwanyo ki i lobo mukene ma ki kwanyo ki i lobo mukene tye ki rwom me melamine ma malo, ma tye 0.96 ki 0.94 mg/kg, kit meno. Wel magi tye piny ki rwom ma kiketo (1 mg/kg), ento yub me neno ni mitte pi ber bedo pa luwil. 19
Kwan mapol otemo rwom me melamine ma tye i cam pa lutino ma ki lwongo ni Iran. Ma romo 65% pa jami ma ki kwanyo ni tye ki melamine, ki rwom me 0.73 mg/kg ki rwom ma malo me 3.63 mg/kg. Kwan mukene owaco ni rwom me melamine i cam pa lutino tye 0.35 nio wa i 3.40 μg/kg, ki rwom me 1.38 μg/kg. I kom lok, bedo ki rwom me melamine i cam pa lutino me Iran ki kwano i kwan mapol, ki jami mogo ma tye ki melamine ma kato wel ma ki keto ki lutela ma loyo (2.5 mg/kg/cam).
Ka kiporo ki tic ki cak ma ki yubu ki cak ma ki yubu ki cak ki kit ma cak ma ki yubu ki cak pire tek kwede i miyo cam bot lutino, kwan man tye me moko yoo me nongo melamine i cak ma ki yubu ki cak ki cak ma ki yubu ki cak. Ki adaa, yub mukwongo me kwan man onwongo tye me yubu yoo ma oyot, ma yot ki ma opore me nongo melamine ma ki balo i cak pa latin ki cak ma ki yubu ki cak ma ki lwongo ni high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ki ultraviolet (UV) detection; Me ariiyo, gin ma ki miito i kwan ni onwongo tye me nongo wel melamine ma tye i cak ma ki yubu ki cak ma ki cato i cuk me Iran.
Jami ma ki tiyo kwede me kwedo melamine gi pat pat malube ki kama ki yubu iye cam. Kit me temo HPLC-UV ma rwate ki ma genne ki tiyo kwede me pimo melamine ma odong i cak ki cak pa lutino. Jami ma ki yubu ki cak tye ki jami ma konyo kom ki moo ma twero balo rwom me melamine. Pi meno, kit ma ki waco kwede ki Sun et al. 22, yoo me lwoko ma opore ki ma tiyo maber mitte ma pwod pi ki temo jami ma ki tiyo kwede. I kwan man, watiyo ki jami ma ki tiyo kwede me juku jami ma ki lwongo ni syringe. I kwan man, watiyo ki C18 me poko melamine i cak ma ki yubu ki cak ki cak ma ki yubu ki cak. cal 1 nyutu chromatogram me nongo melamine. Medo ikom meno, dwoko cen pa jami ma tye ki 0.1-1.2 mg/kg melamine onwongo tye i kin 95% nio wa i 109%, rwom me dwoko piny onwongo tye y = 1.2487x - 0.005 (r = 0.9925), ki rwom me apoka poka (RSD) onwongo tye i kin 0.08% nio wa i 2 %. Ngec ma tye nyutu ni yoo ni tye maber i kin rwom ma ki kwano (Table 1). Gin ma ki tiyo kwede me nongo (LOD) ki gin ma ki kwano (LOQ) pa melamine onwongo tye 1 μg mL−1 ki 3 μg mL−1, kit meno. Medo ikom meno, ler ma ki lwongo ni UV spectrum me melamine onyutu rwom me mako jami i 242 nm. Yoo me nongo ne tye ma rwate, genne ki tye kakare. Yoo man ki tiyo kwede me nongo rwom me melamine.
Adwogi ma kit meno ki coyo ki lucoc mapol. Kit me tic maber ma ki lwongo ni liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC) ki yubu me kwedo melamine i jami ma ki yubu ki cak. Gin ma ki kwano ni tye 340 μg kg−1 pi cak ma ki yubu ki 280 μg kg−1 pi cak ma ki yubu ki latin matidi i 240 nm. Filazzi ki luwote (2012) owaco ni melamine pe ki nongo i cak pa lutino ki HPLC. Ento, 8% pa cak ma ki kwanyo ni tye ki melamine ma tye i rwom me 0.505-0.86 mg/kg. Tittlemiet et al.23 gutimo kwan ma kit meno ki gu nongo ni wel melamine ma tye i cam pa latin (namba me labol: 72) ki high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/MS (HPLC-MS/MS) me bedo 0.0431–0.346 mg kg−1. I kwan ma kitimo ki Venkatasamy et al. (2010), yoo me green chemistry (labongo acetonitrile) ki reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) ki tiyo kwede me byeko melamine i cak pa latin ki cak. Kit ma jami ma ki kwanyo ni tye kwede onwongo tye 1.0 nio wa i 80 g/mL ki lagam ne onwongo tye ma rwate (r > 0.999). Yoo me tic ni onyutu dwoko cen pa 97.2-101.2 i kom rwom me 5-40 g/mL ki rwom me dwoko ne onwongo tye piny ki 1.0% me apoka poka. Medo ikom meno, LOD ki LOQ ma ki neno onwongo tye 0.1 g mL−1 ki 0.2 g mL−124, kit meno. Lutter ki luwote (2011) omoko ni melamine tye i cak pa dyang ki cak ma ki yubu ki cak pa lutino kun kitiyo ki HPLC-UV. Kit ma melamine tye kwede ni tye i kin < 0.2 nio wa i 2.52 mg kg−1. Kit ma rwom me tic pa HPLC-UV ni tye 0.05 onyo 2.5 mg kg−1 pi cak pa dyang, 0.13 onyo 6.25 mg kg−1 pi cak pa latin ma tye ki protein mass fraction <15%, ki 0.25 onyo 12.5 mg kg−1 pi cak pa latin ma tye ki protein mass fraction ma tye 15%. Adwogi me LOD (ki LOQ) onwongo tye 0.03 mg kg−1 (0.09 mg kg−1) pi cak dyang, 0.06 mg kg−1 (0.18 mg kg−1) pi cak pa latin <15% protein, ki 0.12 mg kg−1 (0.36 mg kg) pi cak pa latin 15-15-15-me miyo lanyut me ratio me 3 ki 1025 pi LOD ki LOQ, kit meno. Diebes ki luwote (2012) kwedo rwom me melamine i kom cak pa lutino ki cak ma ki kwanyo kun kitiyo ki HPLC/DMD. I cam pa lutino, rwom ma piny ki ma malo onwongo tye 9.49 mg kg−1 ki 258 mg kg−1, kit meno. Gin ma ki nongo (LOD) onwongo tye 0.05 mg kg−1.
Javaid ki luwote owaco ni gin ma ki lwongo ni melamine ma odong i cam ma ki miyo bot lutino onongo tye i kin 0.002-2 mg kg-1 ki Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) (LOD = 1 mg kg-1; LOQ = 3.5 mg kg-1). Rezai et al.27 gu miyo tam me HPLC-DDA (λ = 220 nm) me byeko melamine ki gunongo LOQ me 0.08 μg mL−1 pi cak ma ki yubu ki buru, ma onwongo tye piny loyo ma kinongo i kwan man. Sun ki luwote oyubu RP-HPLC-DAD me nongo melamine i cak ma pii ki kwanyo ki i kom gin ma ki lwongo ni solid phase extraction (SPE). Gin gunongo LOD ki LOQ me 18 ki 60 μg kg−128, kit meno, ma tye ki rwom ma lamal loyo kwan ma tye ka time ni. Montesano ki luwote moko ni yoo me HPLC-DMD tiyo maber pi pimo wel melamine ma tye i jami ma ki medo i kom cam ki rwom me 0.05-3 mg/kg, ma onongo pe rwate ki yoo ma kitiyo kwede i kwan man29.
Labongo akalakala, ot yat ma ki lwongo ni analytical laboratory tiyo tic ma pire tek me gwoko kabedowa kun gi neno jami ma balo kwo pa dano ma tye i kom jami ma pat pat. Ento, tic ki wel ma dit pa jami ma ki lwongo ni reagents ki solvents i kare me kwedo twero kelo yubu jami ma twero kelo peko. Pi meno, gin ma ki lwongo ni green analytical chemistry (GAC) ki oyubu i mwaka 2000 me dwoko piny onyo kwanyo adwogi marac ma bino pi tic ki jami ma ki tiyo kwede i kom lutic ki kabedo26. Yo macon me nongo melamine ma tye iye chromatography, electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, ki enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) dong ki tiyo kwede me nongo melamine. Ento, i kin yoo mapol me nongo ngec, jami ma ki lwongo ni electrochemical sensors okelo tam madwong pi rwom me tic gi maber, yero jami, kare me nyamo jami oyotoyot, ki kit ma gi tiyo kwede maber30,31. Gin ma ki lwongo ni Green nanotechnology tiyo ki yoo me kwo me yubu jami ma ki lwongo ni nanomaterials, ma twero dwoko piny jami ma kelo peko ki tic ki teko, ma weko ki keto i tic jami ma twero gwoko kwo. Nanocomposites, me labolle, ma ki yubu ki jami ma pe balo kwo pa dano, ki twero tic kwede i biosensors me nongo jami ma calo melamine32,33,34.
Kwano ni nyutu ni jami ma ki lwongo ni solid-phase microextraction (SPME) ki tiyo kwede maber pien tiyo ki teko ma lamal ki gwoko ne ka kiporo ki yoo macon me kwanyo jami. Kit ma SPME gwoko kwede kabedo ki tic ki teko maber miyo en bedo gin maber ma pat ki yoo me kwanyo jami macon i analytical chemistry ki miyo yoo maber ki ma tiyo maber me yubu kamu kene35.
I mwaka 2013, Wu et al. oyubu gin ma ki lwongo ni highly selective surface plasmon resonance (mini-SPR) biosensor ma tiyo ki rwate i kin melamine ki anti-melamine antibodies me nongo melamine oyotoyot i cam pa latin kun kitiyo ki immunoassay. Gin ma ki lwongo ni SPR biosensor ma ki keto kacel ki immunoassay (ma tiyo ki melamine-conjugated bovine serum albumin) obedo gin ma yot me tic kwede ki wel ne lapiny ki rwom me nongo ne tye 0.02 μg mL-136.
Nasiri ki Abbasian gutiyo ki gin ma ki lwongo ni high-potential portable sensor kacel ki graphene oxide-chitosan composites (GOCS) me nongo melamine i kom jami ma ki cato37. Yoo me tic ni onyutu rwom ma malo me yero, atir, ki lagam. Gin ma ki lwongo ni GOCS sensor ni onyutu rwom ma lamal (239.1 μM−1), rwom ma rwate ki 0.01 onyo 200 μM, rwom ma rwate ma romo 1.73 × 104, ki LOD ma romo 10 nM. Medo ikom meno, kwan ma kitimo ki Chandrasekhar et al. i mwaka 2024 ki gamo yoo ma pe balo kwo pa dano ki wel cente ma mite. Gutiyo ki gin ma ki kwanyo ki i kom papaya ma calo gin ma dwoko piny me yubu zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) i yoo ma pe balo kwo pa dano. I ngeye, ki yubu yoo me micro-Raman spectroscopy ma pat pat me nongo melamine i cam pa latin. ZnO-NPs ma ki nongo ki i kom jami ma ki tiyo kwede i poto onyutu ni twero bedo gin ma pire tek me temo two ki gin ma ki genne, ma wel ne lapiny me neno ki nongo melamine38.
Alizadeh ki luwote (2024) otiiyo ki gin ma ki lwongo ni highly sensitive metal-organic framework (MOF) ma ki lwongo ni fluorescence platform me nongo melamine ma tye i cak ma ki lwongo ni milk powder. Kit ma rwom me rwate ki rwom ma piny pa gin ma nongo jami ni, ma ki moko kun kitiyo ki 3σ/S, onwongo tye 40 onyo 396.45 nM (ma rom ki 25 μg kg−1 onyo 0.25 mg kg−1) ki 40 nM (ma rom ki 25 μg kg−1), kit meno. Wel man tye piny ki wel ma ki keto me nongo melamine i cak pa latin (1 mg kg−1) ki cam/cam mukene (2.5 mg kg−1). Gin ma ki lwongo ni Fluorescent sensor (terbium (Tb)@NH2-MIL-253(Al)MOF) onyutu rwom ma malo ki kero me pimo maber loyo HPLC39 me nongo melamine i cak ma ki yubu ki cak. Jami ma ki lwongo ni Biosensors ki nanocomposites i green chemistry pi medo kero me nongo jami ento bene dwoko piny peko ma twero bino i kom piny ma lubu cik me dongo lobo.
Cik me Green chemistry ki tiyo kwede i yoo mapol me nongo melamine. Yo acel tye me dongo yoo me kwanyo gin ma ki lwongo ni green dispersive solid-phase microextraction kun kitiyo ki gin ma ki lwongo ni natural polar polymer β-cyclodextrin ma ki rubu ki citric acid pi kwanyo melamine 40 ki i kom jami ma ki kwanyo calo cak pa latin ki pii ma lyet. Yo mukene tiyo ki Mannich reaction me nongo melamine i cak ma ki kwanyo. Yoo man pe wel ne tek, pe balo kwo pa dano, ki tye kakare ki rwom me 0.1-2.5 ppm ki rwom me nongo ne ma lapiny 41. Medo ikom meno, yoo ma wel ne yot ki ma pe balo kwo pa dano me nongo wel pa melamine i cak ma pii ki cak ma ki yubu ki lutino ki yubu kun ki tiyo ki Fourier transform infrascopy ma tye ki rwom ma lamal me neno ne maber 1 ppm ki 3.5 ppm, kit meno 42. Yoo magi nyutu tic ki cik me green chemistry me dongo yoo ma tiyo maber ki ma twero bedo pi kare malac me nongo melamine.
Kwan mapol okati ki yoo manyen me nongo melamine, ma calo tic ki gin ma ki lwongo ni solid-phase extraction ki high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)43, kacel ki fast high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ma pe mito jami ma ki tiyo kwede ma peya ki tiyo kwede onyo ion-pair reagents, ma dwoko piny wel jami ma ki tiyo kwede. Yoo magi pe miiyo adwogi maber pi nongo melamine i jami ma ki yubu ki cak, ento bene lubu cik me green chemistry, ma dwoko piny tic ki jami ma kelo peko ki dwoko piny peko ma twero bino i kom kabedowa.
Kamu kene pyera angwen ma pat pat ki temo i tyen adek, ki adwogi ne ki nyutu i Table 2. Kit me melamine i cak ma ki kwanyo ki i cak ki cak ma ki kwanyo ki i 0.001 nio wa i 0.004 mg/kg ki ki i 0.001 nio wa i 0.095 mg/kg, kit meno. Pe tye alokaloka mo ma pire tek ma ki neno i kin mwaka adek ma ki miiyo cak pa lutino. Medo ikom meno, kinongo ni melamine tye i 80% pa cak ma ki yubu ki buru, ento 65% pa cak ma ki yubu ki lutino onongo tye ki melamine.
Gin ma ki lwongo ni melamine ma tye i cak ma ki yubu ki cuma onwongo tye malo loyo cak ma ki yubu ki lutino, ki apoka poka ni onwongo tye ma pire tek (p<0.05) (lanyut 2).
Adwogi ma kinongo ni tye piny ki rwom ma FDA oketo (piny 1 ki 2.5 mg/kg). Medo ikom meno, adwogi ni tye ma rwate ki rwom ma ki keto ki CAC (2010) ki EU45,46, ma calo rwom ma malo ma ki yer tye 1 mg kg-1 pi cak pa latin ki 2.5 mg kg-1 pi jami ma ki yubu ki cak.
Malube ki kwan me mwaka 2023 pa Ghanati et al.47, wel melamine ma tye i cak ma pat pat ma ki keto i Iran onongo tye 50.7 nio wa i 790 μg kg−1. Adwogi gi onwongo tye piny ki rwom ma FDA oye. Adwogi wa tye piny loyo pa Shoder et al.48 ki Rima et al.49. Shoder ki luwote (2010) onongo ni rwom me melamine i cak ma ki yubu ki cak (n=49) ma ki nongo ki ELISA onongo tye i kin 0.5 nio wa i 5.5 mg/kg. Rima ki luwote ki temo melamine ma odong i cak ma ki yubu ki fluorescence spectrophotometry ki onongo ni melamine ma tye i cak ma ki yubu ki cak onwongo tye 0.72-5.76 mg/kg. Kwan mo kitimo i lobo Canada i mwaka 2011 me neno rwom me melamine i cam pa lutino (n=94) kun kitiyo ki liquid chromatography (LC/MS). Ki nongo ni rwom me melamine tye piny ki rwom ma ki yer (ma ki ngeyo: 0.5 mg kg−1). Pe nen calo rwom me melamine ma ki nongo ni obedo yoo ma ki tiyo kwede me medo rwom me protein. Ento, pe kitwero tito ne ki tic ki jami ma konyo dongo pa cam, loko jami ma tye i dero, onyo jami mukene ma kit meno. Medo ikom meno, kama melamine ma tye i cak ma ki kelo i Canada pe ki nyutu50.
Hassani ki luwote kipimo wel melamine ma tye i cak ma ki yubu ki cak ma ki yubu ki pii i cuk me Iran i mwaka 2013 ki onongo adwogi marom. Adwogi ni onyutu ni labongo cak acel ki cak ma pii, jami mukene ni weng onongo tye ki melamine, ki rwom ma oyabe ki 1.50 onyo 30.32 μg g−1 i cak ki 0.11 onyo 1.48 μg ml−1 i cak. Ki ngeyo, cyanuric acid pe ki nongo i kom gin mo kiken ma ki nyutu, ma dwoko piny peko me kelo kwiri pa melamine bot luwil. 51 Kwan ma okato ni otemo dwong pa melamine i jami ma ki yubu ki cak ma ki yubu ki cak. Ma romo 94% pa jami ma ki kelo ki lobo mukene ki 77% pa jami ma ki kwanyo ki i Iran onongo tye ki melamine. Kit ma melamine tye kwede i kom jami ma ki kelo ki i lobo mukene onongo tye i kin 0.032 nio wa i 2.692 mg/kg, kun ma tye i kom jami ma ki kwanyo ki i lobo Iran onongo tye i kin 0.013 nio wa i 2.600 mg/kg. I kom lok, melamine onongo kinongo i 85% pa jami ma ki kwanyo, ento dul acel keken aye onongo tye ki rwom ma malo ma ki yer.44 Tittlemier et al. tito ni rwom me melamine i cak ma ki yubu ki 0.00528 nio wa i 0.0122 mg/kg.
Karatac me 3 nyutu adwogi me temo peko ma twero bino pi dul mwaka adek ni. Peko ni onwongo tye piny ki 1 i kin mwaka weny. Pi meno, pe tye peko mo ma pe kelo two kanca ma aa ki i melamine ma ki keto i cak pa lutino.
Rwom ma piny pa jami ma ki yubu ki cak twero bedo pi balo ma pe ki yubu i kare me yubu, kun rwom ma malo twero bedo pi medo jami ma ki yubu. Medo ikom meno, peko ma twero bino i kom yotkom pa dano ma aa ki i camo jami ma ki yubu ki cak ma tye ki melamine manok ki ngeyo ni nok. Ki twero waco ni camo jami ma tye ki rwom me melamine manok pe kelo peko mo keken i kom yotkom pa luwil52.
Ka kiporo kit ma gwoko cam maber kwede i dul ma yubu cak, tutwale i lok ma mako gwoko yotkom pa lwak, pire tek tutwal me yubu ki moko yoo me temo ki poro rwom me melamine ki jami ma odong i cak ma ki yubu ki cak ki cak ma ki yubu ki cak pa lutino. Yo ma yot ki ma opore me HPLC-UV spectrophotometric ki yubu me nongo melamine i cam pa lutino ki cak ma ki yubu ki buru. Yoo me tic ni ki moko me neno ni tye kakare ki tye kakare. Kit me nongo ki kwano wel ma ki tiyo kwede i yoo ni onyutu ni tye ki kero me pimo rwom me melamine i cam pa lutino ki cak ma ki yubu ki cak. Malube ki ngec ma wa nongo, kinongo ni melamine tye i pol pa jami ma ki kwanyo ki i Iran. Kit me melamine ma kinongo ni tye piny ki rwom ma ki keto ki CAC, ma nyutu ni camo jami ma ki yubu ki cak ni pe kelo peko i kom yotkom pa dano.
Jami weny ma ki tiyo kwede onwongo tye me rwom me kwan: melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) 99% maleng (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO); HPLC-grade acetonitrile (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany); pii maleng tutwal (Millipore, Morfheim, France). Gin ma ki lwongo ni syringe filters (Chromafil Xtra PVDF-45/25, pore size 0.45 μm, membrane diameter 25 mm) (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany).
Gin ma ki lwongo ni ultrasonic bath (Elma, Germany), centrifuge (Beckman Coulter, Krefeld, Germany) ki HPLC (KNAUER, Germany) ki otiiyo kwede me yubu kamu kene ni.
Ki tiyo ki gin ma ki lwongo ni high performance liquid chromatograph (KNAUER, Germany) ma tye ki gin ma nyutu UV. Kit me kwedo HPLC ni tye kit man: UHPLC Ultimate system ma tye ki ODS-3 C18 analytical column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, particle size 5 μm) (MZ, Germany) aye ki tiyo kwede. Gin ma ki lwongo ni HPLC eluent (mobile phase) onwongo tye TFA/methanol mixture (450:50 mL) ki rwom me mol pa 1 mL min-1. Kit ma ki nongo kwede ni tye 242 nm. Kit ma ki keto kwede yat ni tye 100 μL, rwom me lyeto pa yat ni tye 20 °C. Kit ma kare me gwoko yat ni bor (dakika 15), yat ma lubo omyera ki tim ingee dakika 25. Ki nongo melamine ki poro kare me gwoko ki UV spectrum peak pa melamine.
Gin ma ki lwongo ni melamine (10 μg/mL) ki yubu kun kitiyo ki pii ki ki gwoko i fridge (4 °C) mabor ki lero. Dilu gin ma ki lwongo ni stock solution ki mobile phase ki yub gin ma tiyo maber. Gin acel acel ma ki tiyo kwede ki keto i HPLC tyen 7. Labol me rwom me 10 ki kwano ki rwom me rwom ma ki moko ki rwom ma ki moko.
Cak dyang ma ki cato i cuk (20 lanyut) ki lanyut pa cak dyang ma pat pat ma ki yubu ki cak pa latin (20 lanyut) ki wilo ki i dukan madongo ki ot yat i Iran me miyo cam bot lutino ma mwaka gi pat pat (0-6 dwe, 6-12 dwe, ki >12 dwe) ki ki gwoko i friji (4°C) nio ka ki kwano. I ngeye, 1 ± 0.01 g me cak ma ki yubu ki pii ki rubu ki acetonitrile:pii (50:50, v/v; 5 mL). Gin ma ki rubu ni ki buru pi dakika acel, ki dong ki keto i pii ma ki lwongo ni ultrasonic bath pi dakika 30, ki dong ki yengo pi dakika 1. Gin ma ki rubu ni ki keto i 9000 × g pi dakika 10 i rwom me lyeto me ot ki gin ma odong ni ki keto i 2 ml autosampler vial kun kitiyo ki 0.45 μm syringe filter. Gin ma ki lwongo ni filtrate (250 μl) ki dong ki rubu ki pii (750 μl) ki ki keto i HPLC system10,42.
Me moko yoo ni, wa moko rwom me nongo, atir, rwom me nongo (LOD), rwom me kwano (LOQ), ki rwom ma opore i te cik maber. LOD ni ki gonyo ni calo gin ma ki nyutu ma tye ki rwom ma malo tyen adek ma kato rwom me buru ma ki cako kwede. Ki tung cing kany, gin ma ki nyutu ma tye ki rwom ma malo 10 ma kato rwom me lok ma ki cwalo ni ki gonyo ni LOQ.
Lagam pa jami ni ki nongo kun kitiyo ki gin ma ki lwongo ni calibration curve ma tye ki data points abiro. Ki tiyo ki jami ma ki lwongo ni melamine ma pat pat (0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1 ki 1.2). Kit ma ki kwano kwede melamine ni ki moko. Medo ikom meno, rwom me melamine ma pat pat ki medo i kom jami ma ki nyutu ni. Gin ma ki lwongo ni calibration curve ni ki yubu kun ki medo 0.1-1.2 μg mL-1 me gin ma ki lwongo ni melamine solution i cam pa latin ki cak ma ki yubu ki cak ki R2 = 0.9925. Kit ma atir ni ki kwano ki kit ma ki tiimo kwede ki kit ma ki twero dwoko kwede cen ki ki nongo ki i keto lanyut i nino mukwongo ki adek ma lubo (i tyen adek). Kit ma yoo ni twero dwoko kwede cen ki kwano ki kwano RSD % pi rwom adek ma pat pat me medo melamine. Kwan me dwoko piny ki timo me moko ka tye kakare. Kit ma ki nongo kwede ki i yoo me kwanyo ne ki kwano i rwom adek me dwong pa melamine (0.1, 1.2, 2) i kom cak ma ki kwanyo ki cak ma ki kwanyo ki i cak9,11,15.
Ki byeko wel cam ma ki camo nino ducu (EDI) kun ki tiyo ki yoo ma lubo ni: EDI = Ci × Cc/BW.
Kan ma Ci tye iye wel melamine, Cc tye cak ma ki mato ki BW tye pek pa lutino.
Kwano ngec ni kitimo kun kitiyo ki SPSS 24. Ki temo kit ma tye kwede kun kitiyo ki Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; ngec weng onwongo obedo nonparametric tests (p = 0). Pi meno, Kruskal-Wallis test ki Mann-Whitney test ni ki tiyo kwede me moko apokapoka ma pire tek i kin gurup ni.
Ingelfinger, Jr. Melamine ki adwogi ne i kom balo cam i wilobo. New England Journal of Medicine 359(26), 2745–2748 (2008).
Lynch, RA, ki luwote. Adwogi pa pH i kom ngwec pa melamine i cuk pa lutino. International Journal of Food Contamination, 2, 1–8 (2015).
Barrett, MP ki Gilbert, IH keto jami ma kelo two i kom trypanosomes. Dongo i Parasitology 63, 125–183 (2006).
Nirman, MF, ki luwote. I vitro ki i vivo kwedo melamine dendrimers ma calo yoo me cwalo yadi. International Journal of Pharmacy, 281(1–2), 129–132(2004).
Dul ma kwako yot kom i wilobo. Cokke pa ludiro 1-4 me neno jami ma kelo two ma mako melamine ki cyanuric acid (2008).
Howe, AK-C., Kwan, TH ki Lee, PK-T. Melamine ma kelo two ki obwo. karatac me American Society of Nephrology 20(2), 245–250 (2009).
Ozturk, S. ki Demir, N. Dongo pa gin manyen ma ki lwongo ni IMAC adsorbent me nongo melamine i jami ma ki yubu ki cak kun kitiyo ki high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). karatac me yubu cam ki nyamo ne 100, 103931 (2021).
Chansuvarn, V., Panic, S. ki Imim, A. Kit me nongo gin ma ki lwongo ni melamine i cak ma pii ma jenge i kom Mannich green reaction. Spectrochem. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 113, 154–158 (2013).
Deabes, M. ki El-Habib, R. Nongo melamine i cak pa latin, cak ma ki yubu ki pangasius ki HPLC/diode array chromatography. karatac me kwan ma mako kwo pa dano, 2(137), 2161–0525.1000137 (2012).
Skinner, KG, Thomas, JD, ki Osterloh, JD Melamine toxicity. karatac me lok kom yat, 6, 50-55 (2010).
Dul ma kwako yot kom i wilobo (WHO), Toxicology ki yot kom pa melamine ki cyanuric acid: ripot pa WHO/FAO ma ki miiyo kony bot Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 1-4 December 2008 (2009).
Korma, SA, ki luwote. Kwan ma ki poro i kom kit ma moo tye kwede ki kit maber pa moo pa latin ma tye ki moo manyen ki cak pa latin ma ki cato. Kwedo lok i kom cam ki diro me lobo Ulaya 246, 2569–2586 (2020).
El-Waseef, M. ki Hashem, H. Medo rwom me cam, kit maber ki kare me gwoko cam pa lutino kun kitiyo ki moo yat. Middle East Journal of Agricultural Research 6, 274–281 (2017).
Yin, W., ki luwote. Yub me monoclonal antibodies i kom melamine ki yubu yoo me ELISA ma pe rwate me nongo melamine i cak ma pe ki yubu, cak ma otwo, ki cam pa lee. karatac me lok kom pur ki cam 58(14), 8152–8157 (2010).